“Understanding the scale and complexity of Operation Barbarossa’s many campaigns and battles has seldom been rendered more accessible or readable. Kirchubel’s latest offering reflects both his expertise About the Author OperatiOn in the field and his skill as a historian. This is a masterful achievement.” A retired US Army armor-branch lieutenant colonel, Robert Kirchubel has had a keen Dr David Stahel, author of BarBarOssa interest in the Eastern Front campaigns of World Operation Typhoon: Hitler’s March on Moscow, October 1941 War II, and Operation Barbarossa in particular, all his adult life. He is currently a history When Hitler ordered the start of Operation doctoral student at Pardue University, studying Barbarossa, millions of German soldiers flooded the German Army’s involvement in civil politics into Russia, believing that their rapid blitzkrieg and society between 1888 and 1938. This, his tactics would result in an easy victory similar to definitive study of the Barbarossa campaign, is the ones enjoyed by the Wehrmacht over Poland the product of several years’ work and research. and France. But the huge human resources at the disposal of the Soviet Union, and the significant distances and overstretched supply lines that the Germans had to overcome, saw the seemingly invincible armored spearheads start to slow. Finally, in sight of Moscow, the German invasion ground to a halt. Hitler’s dreams of a quick victory were shattered and the ensuing war of Operation Barbarossa, Germany’s surprise assault on the Soviet Union in June 1941, attrition was to bleed Germany white, robbing remains the largest invasion in the history of warfare. Designed with one ultimate her of manpower and equipment in one of the bloodiest episodes in human history. objective – the total destruction of the Soviet Union – Hitler regarded it as the last vital step in the establishment of Lebensraum for the German people in the East. Fully illustrated with unique Osprey artwork, new maps, and contemporary photographs, Three German Army Groups, supported by numerous European allies, poured across this book tells the story of one of the definitive the Soviet border crushing all before them in a lightning campaign that threatened campaigns of World War II and examines how to eliminate all Soviet resistance and secure an easy victory. the failure of the invasion contributed to the final defeat of Nazi Germany. US $40.00 UK £30.00 CAN $45.00 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Operation Barbarossa_hb.cover.indd 1 14/05/2013 15:57 Operation Barbarossa © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 1 03/05/2013 09:34 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 2 03/05/2013 09:34 OPERATION BARBAROSSA The German Invasion of Soviet Russia R o b e r t K i r c h u b e l © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 3 03/05/2013 09:34 5 CONTENTS Preface 6 Chronology 8 Introduction 13 Opposing Plans 37 Opposing Armies 61 Opposing Commanders 117 The Frontier Battles 135 Three Steps Forward, One Step Back 181 Barbarossa in the Balance 231 End Game 293 Conclusions 357 Appendix 376 Glossary 379 Bibliography 381 Index 385 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 5 08/05/2013 13:56 OPERATION BARBAROSSA 6 PREFACE This consolidation includes over 90 percent of the original Campaign trilogy text previously published by Osprey. New material includes updates from recent scholarship, clarifications, additional maps, photographs, graphics plus sidebars to address topics not covered in detail elsewhere. Those familiar with the Campaign series know that Osprey has a successful formula which specifies a book’s organization, the length of any given section, and the number of supporting graphics. The need to put a lot of information onto fewer than 100 pages challenges an author to balance all the many components of modern warfare – especially in a gigantic campaign like Barbarossa. The present volume, however, allows me to write more expansively. Furthermore, Operation Barbarossa and the Nazi–Soviet War in general were among the most politicized and ideologically charged in modern history. Therefore this expanded volume has allowed me to put politics and ideology in their proper and prestigious positions. Another major objective of this book is to present Barbarossa in a more understandable manner for an audience perhaps not comfortable or familiar with it. Unfortunately some of the campaign’s features that make it so fascinating to me can make it inaccessible to or unpopular with others: its chaos, complexity, © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 6 03/05/2013 09:34 PREFACE 7 massive scale, twists and turns, to name just a few. In terms of activity, chronology, OPPOSITE PAGE: Irresistibly Forward geography, personalities, units, and other measures Barbarossa experienced (Unaufhaltsam vorwärtz) by constant peaks and valleys which can be hard to follow or make sense of. Walter Gotschke (gouache, 1941). Austrian-born Gotschke Significant combat by major units could be widely separated by time and painted auto-racing scenes distance. On the face of it, it may not be easy to see the relationship between both before and after World War events at opposite ends of the calendar or map. Immediately after the German II. He painted advertisements for Daimler-Benz until the war invasion there was no longer a solid frontline running between the Baltic and put a halt to commercial auto Black Seas; often gaps of dozens of miles developed with nothing to fill them production. Between July and October 1941 he accompanied but a thin cavalry screen or a single division. Likewise, massive casualties during one of Hoepner’s panzer Barbarossa make Band of Brothers type micro-histories difficult; one would have regiments as a war artist. trouble finding a company of von Kleist’s panzer group where more than 50 (Library of Congress) percent of the men survived the five months from Poland to Rostov. I have organized this narrative along the lines suggested by the German Federal Military Archives (BA-MA) and Soviet historians. Therefore this narrative is more thematic and less purely chronological. German sources for the new organization are the various Schlacht- und Gefechtsbezeichnungen at www.bundesarchiv.de/findbuecher/ma/.../index.htm while the Soviet sources are from David Glantz, Colossus Reborn, Tables 3.1 and 3.6. With that in mind, I have split Barbarossa into four stages rather than the usual three. I have included introductions and summaries for each stage to help tie them together. A key innovation of this volume are the engagement and battle matrices in the Appendix. I encourage the reader to refer to them when reading the corresponding combat narrative. As I have written before, the book’s title is “Operation Barbarossa,” not “The Soviet Defense of the Motherland.” In considerable part this is due to the fact that I speak and read German, therefore any non-English sources I used were in that language rather than Russian. Despite that, however, I believe that I have been true to the historian’s responsibility to maintain impartial objectivity and have described events as facts warrant. In about 1980, as a US Army armor officer in Germany, I sat on my tank alongside a country road during a pause in the usual autumn maneuvers (REFORGER – Return of Forces to Germany). An old Ostheer veteran came over to me and struck up a conversation. Describing Barbarossa, he said “Dass war eine’ Leistung!” – “That was quite a performance!” While I still agree with him, in the final analysis the Nazi–Soviet War ended clearly as a tremendous Allied victory. Finally, I am not usually one to make positive references to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, but I have to agree with his first rule of war: do not march on Moscow. © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 7 03/05/2013 09:34 CHRONOLOGY 1940 March 30 Hitler describes Barbarossa to 250 generals June 2 Hitler tells von Rundstedt about Eastern as a “struggle of two world views.” campaign. April 6 German leaders begin Balkans campaign. June 18 Halder sets up Eastern Front Study Group. May 23 Soviets call up 1905–18 year-group reservists, July 31 Hitler briefs generals on his intent to invade establish martial law. USSR. May 30 Mussolini establishes a corps for action in the August 5 Marcks completes his Operationsentwurf Ost. USSR although German leaders have not August 7 OKW completes Aufbau Ost. officially told Italy about Barbarossa. October–May 1941 Luftwaffe aerial reconnaissance May 25–27 Finnish chief of staff visits OKW. over the USSR. June 6 Commissar Order issued. Mid-October Stalin redirects Soviet main defensive June 12 Kriegsmarine begins mining Baltic. effort from Moscow to the Ukraine. June 14 Hitler clarifies Barbarossa objectives to November 12–13 Molotov visits Berlin. Wehrmacht leaders: Leningrad, the Ukraine, November 28–December 3 and 7 Paulus hosts Donbas, and Caucasus. Moscow is not included. Barbarossa wargames. June 20 Rumanians first officially briefed on December 5 Hitler approves basic plan in conference Barbarossa. with von Brauchitsch and Halder. June 22 Barbarossatag; Soviet Military Districts December 17–20 Barbarossa logistical wargames. become Fronts. Churchill makes speech in December 18 Führer Directive 21 issued. support of USSR. December 23–January 13, 1941 Kremlin command June 22–30 Battle for fortress Brest. conferences and wargames; another shake-up June 23 Stavka created. within Soviet High Command. June 23–25 Boldin’s counterattack at Grodno. June 24 LVII Panzer Corps captures Vilnius. 1941 June 24 First Panzer Group passes through Sixth January 31 Aufmarschanweisung published, adds Army; Kirponos’ counterattacks begin. Rumania to Barbarossa planning. June 24–29 Battle of Raseiniai, XLI Panzer Corps February 20 Göring creates Luftwaffe planning staff against 12th Mechanized Corps. for Barbarossa. June 24 Japanese Army and Navy leaders decide “not © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 8 03/05/2013 09:34 CHRONOLOGY 9 to intervene in the German-Soviet War for the July 13–17 Mountain Corps Norway’s second attack time being.” across Litsa River. June 26 LVI Panzer Corps captures Dünaburg July 14 6th Panzer Division achieves bridgehead over bridgehead. the Narva River. June 27 Unattributed bombing brings Hungary into July 14–18 11th Army counterattacks against LVI war. Panzer Corps at Soltsy. June 28–29 20th and 18th Panzer Divisions close July 15 7th Panzer Division captures Yartsevo, Minsk Kessel. isolating Smolensk. June 29–July 6 Mountain Corps Norway’s first attack July 15 26th Army counterattacks at Kanev into First across Litsa River. Panzer Group’s rear. June 29 1st Mountain Division enters L’vov. July 16 29th Motorized Division enters Smolensk, June 30 Hoth and Guderian confer. OKH directs completing “loose” encirclement. von Bock to advance on Smolensk. July 17 XI Corps crosses Dniestr River. June 30 Sobennikov replaces Kuznetsov as July 17–27 Battle for Mogilev after Soviets frustrate commander of the Northwest Front. initial German attempts to lever River Dnepr. July 1 XXXVI Corps and Finns attack at Salla. July 19 Führer Directive 33 issued. July 2 Operation Munich crosses Rumanian border. July 20 10th Panzer Division occupies Yelnia. July 2 Emperor Hirohito decides against attacking the July 21–22 Luftwaffe initiates bombing of Moscow. Soviet Union and for striking South Asia and July 21 Hitler visits Army Group North headquarters. the Pacific instead. July 21 Rumanians cross Dnestr; XLVIII Panzer July 3–27 Von Kluge commands Fourth Panzer Corps reaches Monastyrishche near Uman. Army. July 23 Supplement to Führer Directive 33 issued. July 4 3rd Panzer Division captures Dnepr bridge at July 23 Soviet forces counterattack at Monastyrishche. Rogatchev. July 23–August 7 Timoshenko mounts July 7 13th Panzer Division reaches Berdichev. counteroffensive – Group Kachalov. July 8 20th Panzer Division captures Dvina bridge at July 24–27 Timoshenko mounts counteroffensive – Ulla. Groups Kalinin and Khomenko, plus July 9 Piadyshev takes command of LOG. Gorodovikov’s cavalry raid. July 9 14th Panzer Division takes Zithomir. July 27 Seventeenth Army breaks free of Stalin Line, July 10 Voroshilov arrives at Northwest Direction; heads for junction with First Panzer Group. Finns attack in Karelia north of Lake Ladoga. July 29–31 Timoshenko mounts counteroffensive July 10 13th Panzer Division reaches Irpen River, 10 – Group Maslinnikov. miles from Kiev, rest of III Panzer Corps close July 30 Führer Directive 34 published. behind; Stavka creates Strategic Direction. July 30 Sixth Army’s first direct assault on Kiev. July 12 Stavka orders Timoshenko to organize July 31 Finns attack in Karelia south of Lake Ladoga. counterattacks toward Bobruisk and prepare August 3 IX Army and XXIV Panzer Corps encircle defense of Mogilev. Roslavl. July 13 Kirponos begins counterattacks against August 3 16th Panzer and 1st Mountain Divisions Zithomir Corridor. link up at Pervomaysk, closing Uman pocket. © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Barbarossa version 8.indd 9 03/05/2013 09:34 OPERATION BARBAROSSA 10 AAAuuuggguuusssttt 555 SSSttaallliiinn rreellliiieevveess ZZZhhhuukkkoovv aass cchhhiiieefff oofff ssttaaffffff.. SSSeeepppttteeemmmbbbeeerrr 666 SSSoovviiieettss rree--ooccccuuppyy YYYeelllnniiiaa.. 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