Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing Opening Science Sönke Bartling Sascha Friesike • Editors Opening Science The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing 123 Editors SönkeBartling SaschaFriesike GermanCancer Research Center Alexander vonHumboldtInstitute Heidelberg forInternet and Society Germany Berlin Germany and InstituteforClinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Mannheim UniversityMedical Center Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany ISBN 978-3-319-00025-1 ISBN 978-3-319-00026-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013953226 (cid:2)TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andtheAuthor(s)2014 ThebookispublishedwithopenaccessatSpringerLink.com. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoncommercialLicense,whichpermitsanynoncommercialuse,distribution,andreproductioninany medium,providedtheoriginalauthor(s)andsourcearecredited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforcommercialusemustalwaysbeobtained fromSpringer.PermissionsforcommercialusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyright ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface InitiallytheInternetwasdesignedforresearchpurposes—sowastheWorldWide Web.Yet,societydeviatedfromthisintendeduseandassuchmanyaspectsofour daily lives have changed drastically over the past 20 years. The Internet has changedourwaysofcommunicating,watchingmovies,interacting,shopping,and travelling. Many tools offered by the Internet have become second nature to us. Atfirst,thenetwasdesignedasaplaindatatransfernetworkforresearchers,yetit hassincemorphedintoavivid,transforming,livingnetwork.Theevolutionofthe Internetcamewithbarelyforeseeableculturalchanges,affectingcoreelementsof oursociety,suchascollaboration,government,participation,intellectualproperty, content, and information as a whole. Novel online research tools pop up constantly and they are slowly but surely findingtheirwayintoresearchculture.Aculturethatgrewafterthefirstscientific revolution some 300 years ago and that has brought humanity quite far is on the verge of its second profound metamorphosis. It is likely that the way that researchers publish, assesses impact, communicate, and collaborate will change more within the next 20 years than it did in the past 200 years. This book will give researchers, scientists, decision makers, politicians, and stakeholdersanoverviewonthebasics,thetools,andthevisionbehindthecurrent changesweseeinthefieldofknowledgecreation.Itismeantasastartingpointfor readers to become an active part in the future of research and to become an informed party during the transition phase. This is pivotal, since research, as a sensitive, complex process with many facets and millions of participants, hierar- chies, personal networks, and structures, needs informed participants. Many wordsare used todescribe thefuture ofresearch:‘Science 2.0’, ‘Cyber- science 2.0’, ‘Open Research’, ‘Open Science’, ‘Digital Humanities’, ‘eScience’, ‘Mode2’,etc.…Theymaytriggerfeelingsofbuzzwordism,yetatthesametimethe struggleforprecisedefinitionshighlightsthecurrentuncertaintyregardingtheseand showsthemanypossibleoutcomesthecurrentchangesinresearchmightbring. It seems contradictory in itself to publish a ‘traditional’ book on this topic— why don’twesimplygoonline?Thebookisandwillbeanimportantmedium in research, just as papers and abstracts, and most importantly human interactions, will continue to be. However, all will be supplemented by novel tools, and accordinglysoisthisbook.Youcanfind,download,andevenedittheentirebook online at www.openingscience.org. It is published under the Creative Commons v vi Preface license,andeveryoneisinvitedtocontributetoitandadoptandreuseitscontent. The book was created using a collaborative authoring tool, which saved us many meetingsandtedioussynchronizationsoftextsamongauthors.Wemadethisbook alivingexampleofthecommunicationcultureresearchcanhave—notonlyinthe future—but already today. We thank all authors; their contributions and invested efforts are highly appre- ciated. The authors participated in the review process of the book. Besides our authors,manythanksgotoourdiscussionpartnersandreviewersofourwork,andto those who have not (yet) contributed a particular text, who are Annalies Gartz, Ayca-Nina Zuch, Joeseph Hennawi, Prof. Fabian Kiessling, Christine Kiefer, ThomasRodt,KerstenPeldschus,DanielSchimpfoessl,SimonCurtHarlinghausen, Prof.WolfhardSemmler,ClemensKaiser,MichaelGrasruck,CarinKnoop,Martin Nissen,JanKuntz,AlexanderJohannesEdmonds,AljonaBondarenko,Prof.Marc Kachelrieß, Radko Krissak, Johannes Budjan, Prof. Henrik Michaely, Thomas Henzler,Prof.ChristianFink,Prof.StefanO.Schönberg,TillmannBartling,Rajiv Gupta,andmanyothers… Heidelberg Sönke Bartling Berlin Sascha Friesike Contents Part I Basics/Background Towards Another Scientific Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Benedikt Fecher and Sascha Friesike Excellence by Nonsense: The Competition for Publications in Modern Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Mathias Binswanger Science Caught Flat-Footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Alexander Gerber Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to all Domains of Knowledge Creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Michelle Sidler Part II Tools (Micro)Blogging Science? Notes on Potentials and Constraints of New Forms of Scholarly Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Cornelius Puschmann Academia Goes Facebook? The Potential of Social Network Sites in the Scholarly Realm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Michael Nentwich and René König Reference Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Martin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga and Sönke Bartling vii viii Contents Open Access: A State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Dagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann Novel Scholarly Journal Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Peter Binfield The Public Knowledge Project: Open Source Tools for Open Access to Scholarly Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 James MacGregor, Kevin Stranack and John Willinsky Part III Vision Altmetrics and Other Novel Measures for Scientific Impact . . . . . . . . 179 Martin Fenner Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring . . . . . . . . 191 Lambert Heller, Ronald The and Sönke Bartling Open Research Data: From Vision to Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Heinz Pampel and Sünje Dallmeier-Tiessen Intellectual Property and Computational Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Victoria Stodden Research Funding in Open Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Jörg Eisfeld-Reschke, Ulrich Herb and Karsten Wenzlaff Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Thomas Schildhauer and Hilger Voss The Social Factor of Open Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Tobias Fries Part IV Cases, Recipes and How-Tos Creative Commons Licences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Sascha Friesike Organizing Collaboration on Scientific Publications: From Email Lists to Cloud Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Sönke Bartling Contents ix Unique Identifiers for Researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Martin Fenner and Laure Haak Challenges of Open Data in Medical Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Ralf Floca On the Sociology of Science 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Vladimir B. Teif How This Book was Created Using Collaborative Authoring and Cloud Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Sönke Bartling History II.O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Luka Oreškovic´ Making Data Citeable: DataCite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Jan Brase About the Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Part I Basics/Background