— BrianS. Meadows 215 Bull. B.O.C. 2010 130(3) On the status of Isabelline Lanius isabellinus, Turkestan L. phoenicuroides and Red-backed Shrikes L. collurio in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia by Brian S. Meadows Received 11 December2009 — Summary. Two races of Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus have recently been givenspecificrank: L. isabellinus (IsabellineShrike) andL.phoenicuroides (Turkestan Shrike). Both were formerly considered conspecific with Red-backed Shrike L. collurio. This note represents a preliminary analysis of their status at Jubail on the Persian Gulf, based on counts of the three species over a ten-year period. The data indicate that L. isabellinus is the main wintering species, being significantly attracted to recently landscaped areas; it is also an early-spring and late-autumn migrant. L. phoenicuroides is a later spring and an early-autumn migrant, while L. collurio is always most abundant in spring. Three closely related species of shrikes, Isabelline Lanius isabellinus, Turkestan L. phoenicuroides and Red-backed Shrikes L. collurio, are all regular visitors to the Arabian Peninsula, either as passage migrants or winter residents. However, information on their seasonal occurrence, preferred wintering habitat, numbers and overlap in occurrence on migrationis stillonlypartiallyavailble. Thisispartlybecauseallthreewere, untilrelatively recently, considered a single species and identification criteria for their separation — particularly for Isabelline Shrikes is complex and has often been contentious. This note — provides some additional information on their status in eastern Arabia I follow Panov (2009) who argued the case for splitting Isabelline Shrike into two species (not three, contra Pearson 2000); these are L. phoenicuroides, which breeds in Central Asia and is considered monotypic, and all ofthepalerbirdsbreedinginMongoliaandnorth-westChinawhichare lumped together as L. isabellinus. Background IwasresidentinSaudiArabiaduringtheperiod 1983-2004inclusive. Thefirsttenyears ontheRed Seaatanewindustrialcity,Yanbual-Sinaiyah (23°56'N,38°14'E),werefollowed by the same period in a similar city on the Persian Gulf at Jubail al-Sinaiyah (27°01/N, 49°40'E). Both sites have been described by the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu (1987). At Yanbu, Baldwin & Meadows (1988) did not attempt to systematically record the two species of isabelline shrikes, which were then considered only as races. However, during the ten years I was resident at Jubail I took field notes on all shrikes encountered and the following is a preliminary analysis ofsome ofmy findings. L. isabellinus is the sole wintering species and a passage migrant in small numbers in both spring and autumn, L. phoenicuroides is a relatively abundant passage migrant at both seasons, and L. collurio is almost exclusively a spring passage migrant. Identification criteria, methods and wintering habitat During each week I was resident in Jubail al-Sinaiyah I toured the city, which covers an area of c.920 km2 and searched for 'red-tailed' shrikes in suitable habitat, such as areas , BrianS.Meadows 216 Bull. B.O.C.2010 130(3) of shrubs and trees with significant adjacent ground cover, and recorded where birds were present. Observations were made on a dailybasis but of over 20 potential sites only a few could be visited every day, although all were inspected at least once per week. Approximately10% ofthecityhadbeenestablishedby 1994, inlinewithamasterplan,but much of the city outside of the industrial parks and settlement zone was still completely undeveloped. Natural habitat in the form ofbarchan sand dunes, some Stipa steppe along the western boundary and a mix of low coastal dunes and salt-pans in the east remained throughout my residency. Not one working palm oasis, which are known to attract overwinteringshrikeselsewhereintheEasternProvince,however,remainedwithinthecity boundaries andmuch ofthe naturalhabitat was oflittle attraction to shrikes except during exceptional 'falls' ofmigrants. Recently landscaped areas provided the majority (bar two) of the ovenvintering sites: a total of 15 man-made sites held shrikes in December-February and nine of these were occupied during three or more winters in 1994-2004. Optimal man-madehabitat consisted ofamosaicofdenseshrubsandsmalltreesadjacenttoirrigatedgrasslawnsandflowerbeds — withbaresoil mimickingnaturalshrikehabitat. Suchareashadbeendevelopedforcoastal landscaping (there is now an 8-kmcorniche alongthe coast), smallparks,mosque grounds plus gardens around offices within industrial parks and at a hotel. It was noticed that at one regular overwintering site, when an adjacent grass lawnwas replaced with gravel, the shrikes left. Tall vegetation growing in and around land-treatment areas from septic tanks ontemporaryhousingestateslackingmaindrainagewere also usedinsuccessive years. Of twonaturaloverwinteringsitesidentified, one comprised vegetationsurroundingasurface poolfedbylate-autumnrains inthehollow ofalarge sand-dune, and the second Tamarisk- dominated scrub surrounding a groundwater-fedpool atthebase ofa coral outcrop onthe coast. Some winteringbirds always remained well hidden within bushes from where thev — pouncedontheirprey unlikegreyshrikesL. meridionalis / L. pallidirostris,whichnormally — usedexposedperchesatopbushesaslookouts andbecauseofthisbehaviouritwaseasvto under-estimate the numbers ofwintering L. isabellinus without repeat visits / longperiods of observation. In addition, similar landscaped habitat in coastal Saudi Arabia between Jubail and Al-Khobar (26°17/N, 50°12'E) was also attractive to ovenvintering L. isabellinus, albeitwith significant differences innumbers during differentwinters as atJubail. Highest densities of wintering birds were often found in the garden on the Saudi Arabia-Bahrain causeway (e.g. atleast ten on 25 December 2002). As indicated above all the overwintering shrikes were considered to be L. isabellinus. Identification in the field, however, can be extremely difficult due to overlap in features, while published descriptions rarely take into account different perceptions of colour between observers. Ideally, allbirds shouldbemist-netted for featheranalysis,butthiswas impossiblebecause ofsecurity concerns, especially as many were in public places. Thebest consistent features I found for separating adult L. isa—bellinus from L. phoenicuroides were the paler upperparts (including crown to lower back) resulting in less contrast between the upper- and underparts, much less-contrasting facial features with an inconspicuous white supercilium and a relatively indistinct narrow dark eye-mask, normally confined to behind the eye, and a much duller red (considered cinnamon) rump and tail (the latter possibly shorter on many birds); all of the latter features combine to give an overall pallid appearance. Variation in the size of the white wing-patch was found to be of limited value for specific identification in the field. All obvious hybrids and birds that I could not assign to species (some of which were probably birds of the 'karelini' type) have been excluded from Table 1. It is possible, however, that a few individuals were misidentified, but this is unlikely to affect iriy general conclusions concerning wintering status and passage periods BrianS.Meadows 217 Bull. B.O.C. 2010 130(3) ofthetwospeciesatJubail. NoattempttoidentifyracesofL. isabellinuswasmade, although mostwereprobablyofthenominate form. SeparationofL. collurio fromL. isabellinus and L. phoenicuroides was relatively straightforward using modern field guides. Optical aids were normally limited to 10x binoculars but on the Arabian Peninsula, compared to temperate latitudes, light conditions were usually excellent. Migration Data on migration periods, for the purpose of this account, covers March-May and September-November (Table 1). Table 1 shows the total number of birds found at Jubail al-Sinaiyah;eachmonthhasbeendividedintoearly(1-15, inclusive) andlaterperiods,plus the number of bird days. The data cover the autumn of 1994 to the end of spring in 2004 — — (withtheexception in 1998 ofthesecondhalfofSeptemberandfirst 15 daysofOctober). It is recognised that using these criteria for migration data, for early March and late November, in particular, there is likely to be some overlap between wintering individuals and migrants, especially for L. isabellinus, while in some years passage can even continue until earlyDecember (e.g. a 'fall' offive L. isabellinus ina reedswamp surroundedby desert — — on6December2002 leftby9December inayearwhentherehadbeennegligiblepassage earlier). March departure dates in different years also varied by up to 22 days, based on sightings of individually recognisable birds that were known to have overwintered in the city (thesehavebeen excluded from Table 1). Discussion My observations show that L. isabellinus is the only species that overwinters, which conclusion was also made by Hirschfeld (1995) on Bahrain, albeit he had no data on the situationinSaudiArabiaatthetime.However,thiswasalsoprobablythecase,inretrospect, ofthe threebirds reported overwintering onthe Red Sea coast (Baldwin & Meadows 1989). Migrants of this species arrive later and pass through earlier than L. phoenicuroides, with relatively few remaining into April and none apparently occurring until October (Table 1). L. phoenicuroides passes through mainly from the second halfofMarch until early May and TABLE 1 Occurrenceof IsabellineLanius isabellinus,TurkestanL. phoenicuroidesandRed-backedShrikesL. collurioat Jubail,EasternProvince,SaudiArabia,witheachmonth'divided' intotwohalves. L. isabellinus L.phoenicuroides L.collurio First Second First Second First Second March 49/49 27/34 16/8 83/43 0/0 0/0 April 10/9 0/0 56/35 89/57 0/0 341/99 May 0/0 0/0 35/26 3/3 653/99 142/47 September 0/0 0/0 52/38 113/49 0/0 2/2 October 4/4 40/32 48/29 28/19 0/0 0/0 November 27/29 34/34 19/10 4/3 0/0 0/0 TABLE2 OccurrenceofRed-backedShrikesLaniuscollurioatYanbu(1984-92) Birddays No.ofbirds Spring(March-May) 6 6 Autumn(August-October) 113 262 Yearsrecorded:spring3/9,autumn9/9. BrianS. Meadows 218 Bull. B.O.C. 2010 130(3) againfromlateAugustwithapeakusuallyinSeptember. Inaddition,mentioncanbemade oftwo individuals seeninJuly (6-17July 1994 and 17July 2003) whichwere considered to — belocalbreeders thathad dispersed the speciesbreeds onthe opposite side ofthePersian Gulf (Porter et ah 1966) and has bred at least once in Arabia (Eriksen & Jennings 2006). L. phoenicuroides winters much further south than L. isabellinus, some individuals regularly reaching as far southasnorth-eastTanzania (Lefranc &Worfolk 1997). Britton (1980) stated that the species frequents dry woodland, bushland, scrub and cultivation from sea level to c.2,000 m; in central Kenya, where I lived prior to taking up r—esidence in Saudi Arabia, I found that they often overwintered in verdant riverine habitat far less arid than many naturalhabitatsutilisedbyL. isabellinus,butapparentlystillindriercountrythanL. collurio wintering even further south inAfrica. L. collurio passes through Jubail mainly during the first two weeks of May with the vanguard from mid April; in 1996 there was a veryheavy fall in late April. In some years, stragglers (usually) females are still passing through in June (latest 23 June 2004). The peak in May coincided with the appearance of large numbers of other spring migrants, especially Common Whitethroats Sylvia communis, which are frequently killed by shrikes. TherewerenoJulyrecords.Inautumnitisscarce,withonlytworecords (bothinSeptember 2002) during ten years' residence in Eastern Province. This is in complete contrast to my experienceatYanbual-Sinaiyah,wherethespeciesisrareinspring (Table2). Inspringmost probably enter Arabia via the south-west of the peninsula in association with a rain belt, which is prevalent at this season, between the Gulf of Aden and along the Red Sea coast as far north as 20°N. It is, however, an annual migrant in autumn. The presumed earliest- returningbird atYanbu was on24July 1992 (animmature thatstayeduntil 10 August) but with maturing landscaped areas the possibility ofoccasionalbreedingwithin the city, as is already the case for some other Palearctic summer migrants at Yanbu, cannotbe ruled out in the future. In spring, the results atJubail, and its known scarcity along the northernRed Sea coast as a spring migrant, indicate that any individuals arriving on the Persian Gulf headingforWesternEuropeviatheLevantwouldmigratealmostduewestafterdeparting. AbirdringedintheCzechRepublicinJunewasrecoveredthefollowingMayintheEastern Province (Hirschfeld 1995). It is, however, not known what percentage of the birds seen at JubailwasheadingforWesternEuropeortheNearEast,vis-a-vis thosemigratingtoCentral Asia, as subspecific identification ofL. collurio was not attempted. Acknowledgements I thankAndrewLasseyandLarsSvensssonforconstructivecommentsona draftofthispaper. References: Baldwin,P.J.&Meadows,B.S. 1988. BirdsofMadinatYanbual-Sinaiyahanditshinterland. RoyalCommission forJubail and Yanbu, Riyadh. Britton,P. L. (ed.) 1980. BirdsofEastAfrica. E.Afr.Nat.Hist.Soc,Nairobi. Eriksen,J. &Jennings, M. C. 2006. FirstbreedingofRed-tailed ShrikeinArabia. Phoenix22: 1-2. Hirschfeld,E. 1995. Birds in Bahrain. HobbyPublications,Dubai. Lefranc,N. &Worfolk,T. 1997. Shrikes:aguideto theshrikesoftheworld. Pica Press, Robertsbridge. Panov, E.2009. On thenomenclatureoftheso-called IsabellineShrike. Sandgrouse31: 163-170 Pearson, D. 2000. The races of the Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus and their nomenclature. Bull. Brit. J. Orn. CI. 120: 22-27. Porter, R. F., Christensen, S. & Schiermacker-Hansen, P. 1996. Fieldguide to the birds oftheMiddle East. T. & A. D.Poyser,London. RoyalCommissionforJubail andYanbu. 1987.Jubailand Yanbu industrialcities-ten yearsofaccomplishments. Riyadh. Address:9Old Hall Lane,Walton-on-the-Naze,EssexC0148LE,UK,e-mail: [email protected] ©BritishOrnithologists' Club 2010