ON THE SOURCES OF SEBÂTÜ’L-ÂCİZÎN BY SÛFÎ ALLAHYÂR Abid Nazar MAHDUM* Abstract Sûfî Allahyâr is one of the important poets of Chagatai literature lived in the 17th century and his work Sebâtü’l-Âcizîn which is written in Turkish the precious and widely read book. This book is very appreciated in Uzbeks, Turkmens and another Turkic groups live in the Middle Asia, besides has been used as a course book at primary schools. Sebâtü’l- âcizîn can be considered as an example of Nasihatname genre (a piece of writing giving advices on religious issues), which comprises subjects on religion and sufism. Classical Turkish Literature generally based on religious information for instance, Qur’ân al-kerîm, Hadîth-i Sharîfs, creed and fiqh books and mystic (tasavvufî) sources. Turkish poets, appropriate with Classical Islamic Literature, especially at the beginning, generally affected by the Persian poets who were experienced in this genre and took them as reference for themselves. With impact of this tradition, we can find a lot of traces in Sebâtü’l-âcizîn comes from Persian Classical Literature poets. Also the verbal and nonverbal materials come from folk culture are nourishing Turkish poets and give them the national appearance. When we consider that sources, we can easily say Sebâtü’l- âcizîn has got very precious cultural background. In this article, the cultural background is examined, the information about the persons who nourished Sebâtü’l-âcizîn, the work and the other sources were given and comparative examples were also given. Keywords: Chagatai Literature, Sufi Allahyar, Sebâtü’l-âcizîn, mysticism (tasavvuf), Uzbek, Turkmen SÛFÎ ALLAHYÂR'IN SEBÂTÜ’L-ÂCİZÎNADLI ESERİNİN KAYNAKLARI ÜZERİNE Özet Sûfî Allahyâr, Çağatay edebiyatının 17. yüzyılda yetişmiş önemli şairlerindendir. Sebâtü’l-âcizîn ise onun Türkçe olarak yazdığı çok okunan değerli bir eseridir. Bu eser, Orta Asya’da yaşayan Özbek, Türkmen ve diğer bazı Türk topluluklarında ilgi görmüş, ilk mektep talebelerine ders olarak okutulmuştur. Nasihat-nâme türüne dâhil * Doç. Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi, Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, [email protected]. 240 edebileceğimiz bu eser, tasavvufla ilgili konuları ve dinî bilgileri ihtiva etmektedir. Klasik Türk edebiyatı alanında yazılmış eserlerin önemli ölçüde Kur’ân-ı Kerim, hadîs-i şerifler, fıkıh ve itikat ilmine dair eserler ve tasavvufî kaynaklar gibi dinî bilgilere dayandığı bilinmektedir. Klasik İslamî edebiyat geleneğine uygun olarak Türk şairleri, özellikle başlangıçta, genel olarak kendilerinden önce bu alanda kalem oynatmış Fars edebiyatına mensup şairlerden etkilenmiş, onları kendilerine örnek edinmişlerdir. İşte bu geleneğin de etkisiyle Sebâtü’l-âcizîn’de birçok Fars klasik şairinin eserlerinin izine rastlayabilmekteyiz. Yine halk kültürüne ait yazılı ve sözlü malzemelerin de Türk şairlerini beslediği ve onların eserlerine millî bir görünüm kazandırdığını belirtmeliyiz. Bütün bu kaynaklar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, edebî değeri yüksek olan Sebâtü’l-âcizîn’in zengin bir ilmî ve kültürel alt yapısı bulunduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Makalede bu alt yapı irdelenmiş, Sebâtü’l-âcizîn’i besleyen şahıslar, eserler ve diğer kaynaklar üzerinde durulmuş, mukayeseli örnekler verilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Çağatay edebiyatı, Sufî Allahyar, Sebâtü’l-âcizîn, tasavvuf, Özbek, Türkmen. Sufi Allahyâr (b.hk. 1043/ 1633 – d.hk. 1133/ 1721) is a significant scholar and a Sufi figure raised in Central Asia in the recent periods. He has revealed his level of knowledge by writing an Islamic law and catechism book entitled Meslekü’l-muttakîn. This book is a work of reference highly esteemed by the Central Asian Turks. Thanks to his books entitled Sebâtü’l-âcizîn and Murâdu’l-ârifîn, which tell about Sufism and moral virtues, he has been frequently read and deeply appreciated by people. Particularly, Sebâtü’l-âcizîn has been used as a course book during the first stage of madrasa education by Turkmen, Uzbek and other Turkic communities. Sebâtü’l-âcizîn can be considered as an example of Nasihat-nâmah genre (a piece of writing giving advice on religious issues), which comprises subjects on religion and sufism. Indeed, the book involves many religious topics ranging from issues of faith to information on Islamic Law, from religious stories and advice to certain Sufic information. For this reason, religious works mostly form the basis of Sebâtü’l-âcizîn. Here is an attempt to explain all these religious and other sources respectively: 1. The Holy Qur’ân: There are certain parts in Sebâtü’l-âcizîn which directly refer to the Qur’ân. For instance, the facts that the Judgment Day is to come and that it is mentioned in Qur’ân are stated as follows: Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 241 Ķıyāmet ģaķ irür ey ādemí-zād Ĥudā Ķur’ān içinde ķıldı köp yād (335)1 “Behold all mankind! It is a fact that the Judgment Day is to come. Allah has declared it for many times in Kurân.” While telling Miraj (Hadrat Mohammed’s Ascension), the fact that our Prophet has been taken from Haram-eShareef to Masjid-i Aqsa (al-Aqsa Mosque) is told in a verse in the Qurân2 is also involved: Ģarem’din Mescid-i Aķŝā’ġa nāgāh Alıp barġanıdur āyetde āgāh3 “The fact that he has been taken from Harem to Masjid-i Aksâ suddenly has been stated in a verse in Kurân.” In another couplet in Sebâtü’l-âcizin, there is another reference made by citing from the 17th verse of Müzemmil Surah (73) : Bolur ĥam ġam bilen ĥurdān-ı zíbā Delílim “yec‛alü’l-vildāne şíbā” (402) “Young and beautiful children are doubled up out of sorrow (on that Judgment Day). My proof for that is the statement in the verse as “it even ages children and makes their hair turn gray”. In a different instance (between the 97th and the 100th couplets), it is told that the phrase “He created by hand” should not be used for Allah, as the word “yed” mentioned in the Qur’ân, which means “hand”, refers to one of Allah’s abilities and that imams having the ability of interpretation can understand the Qur’ân correctly. The number of couplets inspired by or based on the verses of the Qur’ân in terms of meaning is not a few, although they do not involve direct reference to a specific verse. Mentioning all of them would be a wordy attempt. Instead, 1 The couplet numbers written next to sample couplets are determined according to the following work: Abid Nazar Mahdum, Sûfî Allahyâr and his Sebâtü’l-âcizîn,(Unpublished Master Thesis), Istanbul University Faculty of Letters, Department of Old Turkish Literature in Turkish Language and Literature Section, Istanbul 1993. 2 Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, İsra Surah (17), verse: 1 3 Sûfî Allahyâr, Manzûme-i Sebâtü’l-Âcizîn, Elmektebeti’l-İslâmiyye Günbed-i Kâvus, Tahran hş. 1366/(1987), p. 201. Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 242 we would only like to mention the following couplet, which directly refers to the Qur’ân4 Ĥudā žulmetmedi híç bendelerġa Velí tüz yolnı körsetdi alarġa (128) “Almighty Allah has never tortured His subjects. He has shown them the right way.” 2. Hadiths: After the Qur’ân, hadiths are the second level of sources in Sebâtü’l-âcizîn. In fact, scholars of Islam have also regarded hadiths as the explanations of the Qur’ân. The hadith part narrated in “Two Hadiths” chapter in Sebâtü’l-âcizîn by citing from the book Mişkâtü’l-mesâbîh, which was classified by Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdullah el- Hatîb et-Tebrîzî (737/1336) begins as follows: Bitipdur Cāmi‛-i Mişkāt içinde Nebídin soradı sorġuçı bende (944) “A man asked the Prophet the following question in Câmi-i Mişkât.” In this hadith, the message is that the bad scholar is the worst among the evil, while the good scholar is the best among the good. In Sebâtü’l-âcizîn, we see that there are many references to hadiths. A variety of examples can be counted to exemplify this fact. However, we would like to mention only one example which refers to a widely-known hadith: İrür her ķaysısı necm-i hidāyet Bení-Ādemġa Ģaķ ķılġan ‛ināyet (211) “Each one (of Sahabe-i Kiram) is like a star of trueness. The God favored mankind and bestowed them upon humanity.” In the couplet above, there is reference to a hadîth mentioned in sources such as Taberânî, Beyhakî, İbni Asâkir, Hatîb, Deylemî, Dâremî which says “My ashâb (can be translated as “my fellows” or “the ones who have seen me”) are like the stars in the sky. No matter which of them you take as your guide, you will reach trueness.” 3. Acknowledged religious sources and great scholars of Islam: In serious works of religion, it is a principle to base the information provided on an 4 Nahl Surah (16), Verse 33 and Nisâ Surah (4), Verse 79 Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 243 acknowledged source. The works of distinguished scholars of Islam are also a source of information for Sebâtü’l-âcizîn. In this work, citing by mentioning the name of the concerned scholar is not something frequent. Here is the couplet in which the name “Imâm-ı A’zam” is mentioned: Alardın ba‛żı iş ki ķıldılar naķl Ķılur te’vílini Nu‛mān-ı bā-‛aķl (183) “Certain deeds (which seem to be faulty and are called “zelle (minor mistakes of prophets)” of them (the prophets) have been reported. Having a reasonable mind, Numân (Imâm-ı A’zâm) interprets these deeds. As is seen, only the name of the scholar is mentioned above. In this couplet, there is a citation from the great Sufi Ebü’l-Hasanı Harkânî: Bitipdür Bü’l-Ģasan ol yaĥşı bende Kitāb-ı Tenbíhu’ż-żāllín içinde (820)5 “Ebü’l-Hasan, that good man, wrote in his book named Tenbíhu’ż-żāllín.” In the Sebâtü’l-âcizîn (published in Iran), writes Tenbíhu’ż-żāllín is Ahmed-i Yesevî’s book,6 but according the couplet, Tenbíhu’ż-żāllín’s author is Bü’l-Hasan named person. Seyyid Habibullah, writes on his book Hediyetü’t- tâlibîn (annotation of Sebâtü’l-âcizin), Tenbíhu’ż-żāllín written by great scholar and sufi Ebu’l-Hasan-ı Harkânî.7 But after our research, we didn’t determine, Ebu’l-Hasan-ı Harkânî has got a book named Tenbíhu’ż-żāllín. On the other hand, in many parts, only the name of the work is mentioned, without involving the name of the scholar. Here are a couple of examples for such references: Kitāb-ı Kāfí kim köp bā-ŝafādur Didi ‛āmme bu yerde etķıyādur (195) “In the book Kâfî (written by Muhammed Hâkim-i Şehîd), which purifies and cheers the heart, it is written that pious people are meant with the word “âmme”. 5 There is wrong prosodic. Written same as text. 6 Sûfî Allahyâr, Manzûme-i Sebâtü’l-Âcizîn, p.36. 7 Seyyid Habibullah bin Seyyid Yahya Han, Hediyetü’t-Tâlibîn, Niyâzî Printing Press, Lahor (no published date), p. 115. Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 244 There is a citation from the book named el-Kifâye by Âmir-i Şa’bî’s (h. 20 / 641- h. 104 / 723), one of the greatest in Tâbiîn (the ones who could see Mohammed the Prophet): Kifāye Şa‛bí’de hem bu bitildi Resūlullah sözidin naķl ķıldı (1059) “This is what is written in Âmir-iŞa’bî’s book named Kifâye. He conveyed the word of the Prophet.” Ebü’l-Leys-i Semerkandî passed away in 983 (h. 373). He has various works such as Risâle fi’l-fıkh, Risâletü’l-Meârife ve’l-îmân, Risale fî’l-hikem. We think that there is a reference to one of these works in the couplet below: Risāle-i Ebü’l-Leys içre meźkūr Nebídin ķıldı naķl ol ma‛den-i nūr (1064) “It has been mentioned in Risâle by Ebü’l-Leys. That holy and honorable person conveyed the words of the Prophet of Allah.” Apart from the examples we have presented above, books such as Nihâye, Hazâne, Şir’a Şerh-i Evrâd, Hulâsatü’l-fetâvâ, Mecma‘u’l-eşyâ and Mişkâtü’l- mesâbîh have been mentioned and citations from these works have been involved in Sebâtü’l-âcizîn. However, we prefer not to mention them all here in order to avoid being wordy. It should be noticed that the aforementioned books are works on Islamic Law and on belief issues. Besides, while narrating the anectodes of prophets, ashab-ı kiram and certain saints, the name of any work written in siyer (life stories of prophets, saints or caliphs) or Tazkirat al-Avliyā (a collection of biographies of saints of Islam) form is not mentioned. Therefore, it can be said that reporting has been done in accordance with the fragility of the issue. Wise and knowledgeable people around the poet or the ones whom he met on a certain occasion must also be counted among the sources that fed and inspired him. For instance, in this couplet, Sufî Allahyâr bases his words directly on a person he met (most probably his master in Sufism): Köijül dersin su’āl itdim bir irdin Telaššufdın didi: “Sorma bu sırdın” (1216) “I asked a man a question about a lesson of soul. He showed his kindness and said “Do not ask questions about this secret.” Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 245 4. The works by the masters of the Sufic path which Sûfi Allahyâr is a member of: Sufî Allahyâr’s Sufic hierarchy reaches Imâm Rabbânî, after Habîbullah Buhârî and Muhammed Masûm-ı Fârûkî8. All works of Sufî Allahyâr, a member of Naqshbandî9 and Mujaddidî10 paths, have been shaped within the framework of the criteria of these paths he belonged to. He generally considered Sufism, shariah, knowledge, mortality, perpetuity, miracles, sedulity and asceticism from this point of view. The couplet we mention below has become a Naqshbandi classical and has been used to state "Halvatdar-anjoman"11, one of the important notions in Naqshbandiyah. In Mektûbât by Imâm Rabbânî, this couplet is written as follows: Ez-derūn şev āşnā vu ez-birūn bígāne-veş Ìn-çunín zíbā reviş kem mí-buved ender-cehān12 “Be familiar from inside, but be like a stranger from outside. Such a good behavior is rare and precious in life.” Zafar Navayee has reported that when the question “What is the essence of your order?” was asked to Şah-ı Nakşbend in Khosro, he said “being with people in appearance and being with God inwardly” and read the poem above.13 Here, the second line of the poem is written just a little bit differently. While telling the “sign” of reaching mortality, Sûfî Allâhyâr depicts this issue with a different approach: Özi aysa fenā boldum, imesdür Fenā bolġan kişi hergiz dimesdür (566) 8 Sûfî Allahyâr, Manzûme-i Sebâtü’l-âcizîn, p. 9. 9 The path reaching Behaeddîn-i Buharî through Hazreti Ebubekir and named after him from then on. 10 The path going on with the name “Mujaddidîyyah”, which refers to İmam Ahmed Rabbânî Farûkî es-Serhendî, after Naqshbandi hierarchy reaches him. 11 Being alone in the crowd, that is, being physically among people, but being with God from the heart.” 12 İmâm Ahmed Rabbânî, Mektûbât-ı İmâm-ı Rabbânî, (Daftaravval), Matba-ı İycu Keshnal, Karaçihk. 1397/1972(Offset printing: İstanbul 1977), 290. letter, p.599. 13 Zafar Navayee Khosro, “Halvet der-irfân-ı İslâmî”, Scientific Information Database (SİD), FALL 2010; 7(25), p. 113. Here is the web address: (http://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/6002113892505.pdf) Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 246 “If a mortal says “I’ve become mortal” or “I have achieved mortality, it does not mean that that person is mortal or has achieved mortality. Anyone who is mortal never tells it.” With this couplet, we see that this issue achieves a better foundation: Egerçi bolmasa fāriġ işidin Özin kem körse her mü'min kişidin (554) “If he goes on working devotedly and sees himself inferior to the others.” Again, the couplet below, which is used by Sufis following Naqshbandiyah and Mujaddidiyah paths and covered in the chapter “Der-men’-i taklîd” of the book Câm-ı Cem by Evhadî, completes this meaning. This couplet is also involved in the work by Muhammed Masûm-ı Fârukî, the master of Sûfî Allâhyâr’s master: Ez-birūn der-miyān-ı bāzārem Ve'z-derūn ĥalvetí’st bā-yārem14 “In appearance (and physically), I am in the center of the market place. Inwardly (mentally), I am with my beloved.” Similarly, let’s add this couplet to the ones which have been used by the aforementioned Sufis: Mí-bín u me-gūy, mezheb ínest Mí-bāş u me-bāş, meşreb ínest15 “See it but do not mention it; this is the path. Be and do not be16 (seem “not to be” from outside.); this is the spirit.” Sûfî Allâhyâr does not esteem dreams that much. Moreover, he says that even certain explorations experienced while awake should not be taken seriosuly. We can see his view about dreams in this couplet: Yumup köz uyķuda körgen bile kes Velí bilmes anı merd-i suĥan-res (900) 14 Hâce Muhammed Ma’sûm, Muntehabât Ez-Mektûbât-ı Ma’sûmiyye, İstanbul, 1987, 154th letter, p. 123. 15 Hâce Muhammed Ma’sûm, ibid, 102nd letter, p. 100. 16 This statement can also be understood as “become and do not seem as become” Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 247 “A person who has a good grasp of the word does not regard someone as a saint only by taking what that person sees in his dreams.” The couplet below is in Şems-i Tebrîzî Divan, which is known to be written by Mevlânâ. We can see this approach especially in the works of Sufis who are Mujaddidî (a follower of Mujaddidiyyah path): Çu ġulām-ı āftābem, hem ez-āftāb gūyem Ne şebem ne şeb-perestem ki ģadís-i ĥāb gūyem17 “I am a slave of the Sun (of Allah), therefore I speak of the Sun. I neither am the night nor worship the night, why should I speak of sleep?” In order to emphasize the fact that dreams should not be taken so seriously, this couple is frequently mentioned in Mektûbât-ı Imâm Rabbânî. Be-ĥāb ender meger mūrí şutur şud18 “The ant became the camel in a dream.” 5. Other literary and Sufic Sources: The Sufis and the Sufic works that have influenced Sûfî Allahyâr are not limited only with the Sufic hierarchy of which Sûfî Allahyâr. For instance, the poetic narration of love, morality, faith and other virtues by Ahmed-iYesevî with a clear language and an erudite style has constituted an indispensable model for the Sufi poets following him. Many dervish poets maintaining Yesevî tradition have written poems of erudite.19 Although Sûfî Allahyâr followed a path different than Ahmed-i Yesevî’s in terms of literary style, it can be said that he was one of Ahmed Yesevî’s followers in terms of content. The hierarchy that Sûfî Allahyâr, who was Naqshbandî and Mujaddidî, belonged to connects with Ahmed Yesevî when it reaches Hâdja Yûsuf Hemendânî (d. 1140)20, which greatly proves the consonance between them, despite minor differences. It can be said that such Turkish and Persian works written in Nasihat-nâmah genre and containing religious information have inspired Sûfî Allahyâr. We see that the great names of Persian literature, who are known to have affected the formation of our classical literature, have influenced SûfîAllahyâr, too. The fact that his works other than Sebatü'l-acizîn (Meslekü'l-muttakîn, 17 Hâce Muhammed Ma’sûm, ibid, 36th letter, p. 176. 18 İmâm Ahmed Rabbânî, ibid , 287th letter, p. 549. 19 For further information, see Köprülü, Fuat, "Çağatay Edebiyatı", İA, v. 3, Eskişehir 1997, s. 319-320. 20 Köprülü, Fuat, Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar, Ankara, 1991, p. 31 Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011 248 Murâdü'l-ârifîn and Mahzenü'l-mutî' în) were written in Persian supports this idea clearly. However, this influence shows itself in Turkish poems as well. We will try to manifest it by comparing certain samples. Let’s mention a couple of samples by searching the meanings of some of the couplets, which can be repeatedly confronted as “şahbeyt” (the best couplet in a gazel) in various Sufi epistles, in Sûfî Allâhyâr’s poems. Here is a couplet by Ebû Şekûr-i Belhî: Her ān şem‛í ki Ìzid ber-furūzed Her ān kes puf kuned seblet bi-sūzed21 “Whoever puffs at a light (a candle) lit by Almighty Allah in order to blow it out, burns only his own moustache and beard.” The couplet below by Sûfî Allâhyâr is almost a word-to-word translation of this couplet, except for only one word (çerağ-light): Çerāġínı ki Ģaķ yandurdı ķoydı Anı kim püf didi saķķalı köydi (715) “Whoever puffed at a light lit by the God (in order to blow it out), he only burnt his own beard.” It is possible to see other couplets having the same meaning in the works by acknowledged Sufi poets. The following couplets in Masnawi by Mevlânâ Jalaluddin Rûmî are remarkable: Şem‛-i Ģaķ-rā puf kuní tu ey ‘acūz Hem tu sūzí hem seret ey gende pūz Her ki ber-şem‛-i Ĥudā āred pufu Şem‛ key míred bi-sūzed pūz-i ū22 “You wretched, scurrilous human being, if you puff at God’s candle (if you attempt to blow it out), not only you, but also your fingers get burnt.”If someone blow the candle burned by Allah, candle never burn out, just blower’s mouth burns. 21 Eş’âr-ı Perâkende-i Kadîmterîn Şu’arâ-yi Fârsî, (Translation into French, revision, comparison and introduction: Gilbert Lazard), 2. cilt, İnstitu-i İranşinâsî-yi Dânişgâh-i Paris, Tahran hş.1341/(1962) , p. 88. 22 Mevlânâ Celâleddin-i Rûmî, Metn-i Kâmil ve Asîl-i Mesnevî-yi Ma’nevî, Çâp-hâne-i Dîbâ, Tahran 1384/(2005), 6th book, p.1050. Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011