ON NOT SPEAKING CHINESE In this major new book, leading cultural thinker Ien Ang engages with urgent questions of identity in an age of globalization and diaspora. The starting-point for Ang’s discussion is the experience of visiting Taiwan. Ang, a person of Chinese descent, born in Indonesia and raised in the Netherlands, found herself ‘faced with an almost insurmountable difficulty’ – surrounded by people who expected her to speak to them in Chinese. She writes: ‘It was the beginning of an almost decade- long engagement with the predicaments of “Chineseness” in diaspora. In Taiwan I was different because I couldn’t speak Chinese; in the West I was different because I looked Chinese.’ From this autobiographical beginning, Ang goes on to reflect upon tensions between ‘Asia’ and ‘the West’ at a national and global level, and to consider the disparate meanings of ‘Chineseness’ in the contemporary world. She offers a critique of the increasingly aggressive construction of a global Chineseness, and challenges Western tendencies to equate ‘Chinese’ with ‘Asian’ identity. Ang then turns to ‘the West’, exploring the paradox of Australia’s identity as a ‘Western’ country in the Asian region, and tracing Australia’s uneasy relationship with its Asian neighbours, from the White Australia policy to contemporary multicultural society. Finally, Ang draws together her discussion of ‘Asia’ and ‘the West’ to consider the social and intellectual space of the ‘in-between’, arguing for a theorizing not of ‘difference’ but of ‘togetherness’ in contemporary societies. Ien Ang is Professor of Cultural Studies and Director of the Institute for Cultural Research at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. She is the author of a number of books, including Watching Dallas (1985), Desperately Seeking the Audience (1991) and Living Room Wars (1996), and recently co-edited Alter/ Asians: Asian Australian Identities in Art, Media and Popular Culture (2000). ON NOT SPEAKING CHINESE Living between Asia and the West Ien Ang London and New York First published 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2001 Ien Ang All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-99649-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–25912–6 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–25913–4 (pbk) CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: between Asia and the West (in complicated entanglement) 1 PART I Beyond Asia: deconstructing diaspora 19 1 On not speaking Chinese: diasporic identifications and postmodern ethnicity 21 2 Can one say no to Chineseness?: Pushing the limits of the diasporic paradigm 37 3 Indonesia on my mind: diaspora, the Internet and the struggle for hybridity 52 4 Undoing diaspora: questioning global Chineseness in the era of globalization 75 PART II Beyond the West: negotiating multiculturalism 93 5 Multiculturalism in crisis: the new politics of race and national identity in Australia 95 With Jon Stratton 6 Asians in Australia: a contradiction in terms? 112 7 Racial/spatial anxiety: ‘Asia’ in the psycho-geography of Australian whiteness 126 v C O N T E N T S 8 The curse of the smile: ambivalence and the ‘Asian’ woman in Australian multiculturalism 138 9 Identity blues: rescuing cosmopolitanism in the era of globalization 150 PART III Beyond identity: living hybridities 161 10 Local/global negotiations: doing cultural studies at the crossroads 163 11 I’m a feminist but . . .: ‘other’ women and postnational identities 177 12 Conclusion: together-in-difference (the uses and abuses of hybridity) 193 Notes 202 Bibliography 211 Index 226 vi PREFACE ‘On not speaking Chinese’, the opening chapter of this book, was first presented in 1992 at a conference in Taiwan. The conference organizers said it was up to me what I wanted to talk about. I was elated, of course, for I had never been to Taiwan before, but when I started to prepare for the event I was suddenly faced with an almost insurmountable difficulty. Imagining my Taiwanese audience, I felt I couldn’t open my mouth in front of them without explaining why I, a person with stereotypically Chinese physical characteristics, could not speak to them in Chinese. In anticipation, I wrote this essay, which is now also the title of this book. My scholarly work until then had mainly focused on mass media and popular culture – globally ubiquitous phenomena which fascinated me deeply but the analysis of which did not really implicate my personal identity (although I did make it a point, in the mid-1980s, that I liked watching Dallas). To all intents and purposes it was an academic pursuit which I could articulate in an ‘objective’ voice. In Taiwan, however, I felt that I couldn’t speak without recognizing explicitly who I was and responding to how I was likely to be perceived by the people in this country. I expected much questioning, which turned out to be more than warranted: again and again, people on the streets, in shops, restaurants and so on were puzzled and mystified that I couldn’t understand them when they talked to me in Chinese. So my decision to present a semi-autobiographical paper on the historical and cultural peculiarities of ‘not speaking Chinese’ resonated intimately with this experience. It was the beginning of an almost decade-long engagement with the predicaments of ‘Chineseness’ in diaspora. In Taiwan I was different because I couldn’t speak Chinese; in the West I was different because I looked Chinese. The politics of identity and difference has been all the rage in the 1990s. All over the world, people have become increasingly assertive in claiming and declaring ‘who they are’. This book is perhaps a symptom of this trend, but it is also a critique – not in the sense of dismissing identity politics altogether, but by pointing to ‘identity’ as a double-edged sword: many people obviously need identity (or think they do), but identity can just as well be a strait-jacket. ‘Who I am’ or ‘who we are’ is never a matter of free choice. vii P R E F A C E In the past decade, identity politics has also been extremely salient for me in my newly adopted country, Australia. As a person of Chinese background I became identified as ‘Asian’ in a white country which has come to define itself increasingly as ‘multicultural’. But while I am of Chinese descent, I was born in Indonesia and grew up in the Netherlands, before relocating to Australia as an adult. Coming from Europe to this part of the world, I did feel somehow reconnected with ‘Asia’, but only obliquely. The plane flew over my country of birth but landed thousands of kilometres further south, in the only corner of the ‘Western’ world which has ever imagined itself as ‘part of Asia’. Identity politics – including that of nations – can take strange turns! To a certain extent then, any identity is always mistaken, and this may be taken as the overall motto of this book. My personal biographical trajectory compels me to identify myself neither as fully ‘Asian’ nor as completely ‘Western’. It is from this hybrid point of view – the ambiguous position of neither/nor, or both/and – that this book has been written. It is also from this point of view that I argue beyond identity and difference toward a more dynamic concern for togetherness-in- difference – a crucial issue for cultural politics in the twenty-first century. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of this work has been made possible by an Australian Research Council Large Grant on ‘Reimagining Asians in Multicultural Australia’, which I received jointly with Jon Stratton. I thank Jon for being such a stimulating and searching intellectual companion throughout the decade. Short-term residencies at the Obermann Center for Advanced Studies, University of Iowa, the Center for Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz and the Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore at different times during the past decade have enabled me to concentrate on reflecting and writing. I thank all those involved for making this possible. I also thank all those who have over the years invited me to numerous conferences, seminars, workshops, etc., where I had the opportunity to present early versions of the essays collected in this book. Over the years, many friends and colleagues, old and new, have been around for conversation, discussion, camaraderie, guidance, the sharing of work, fun and frustration, discovery of new horizons, or simply getting my act together. I cannot mention them all, but here I wish to especially thank (for reasons I hope they know): Jody Berland, Michael Bérubé, Charlotte Brunsdon, Rey Chow, Chua Beng-huat, James Clifford, Jane Desmond, Virginia Dominguez, Rita Felski, Simryn Gill, Mitzi Goldman, Helen Grace, Ghassan Hage, Koichi Iwabuchi, Elaine Lally, Lisa Law, Jeannie Martin, Iain McCalman, Dave Morley, Meaghan Morris, Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Bruce Robinson, Mandy Thomas, Zoë Sofoulis, Yao Souchou and Anna Yeatman. I also thank Rebecca Barden from Routledge – now Taylor and Francis – for her always reliable support. The University of Western Sydney, especially through my colleagues at the Research Centre in Intercommunal Studies – now the Institute for Cultural Research – has been a wonderful place for pursuing new intellectual avenues in a time of rampant restructuring and diminishing resources. Last but not least, I thank Ian Johnson for distracting me from finishing this book, if only by taking me in entirely different directions . . . Earlier versions of some chapters were published in the following places. I remain grateful to the editors who first included my work in their publications: Chapter 1 was first published as ‘To Be or Not to Be Chinese: Diaspora, Culture and Postmodern Ethnicity’, in South-East Asian Journal of Social Science, vol. 21, ix