Sudan Academy o f Sciences, SAS Atomic Energy Council R eq u irem en ts o f C oolants in N u elear R eactors A th e s is s u b m itte d to S u d a n A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s in p a r tia l fu lfillm e n t o f th e re q u ir e m e n ts fo r th e d e g re e o f M a s te r o f N u c le a r S c ie n c e & T e c h n o lo g y By: Omia Ahmed Mohmmed Abass B .S c . (H o n o r s ) in C h e m istr y S u d a n U n iv e r s ity o f S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o lo g y Supervisor Prof. Farouk Habbani N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 Sudan Academy o f Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council R eq u irem en ts o f C oolants in N u clear R eactors By: Omia Ahmed M ohmmed Abass ination Committee T itle N a m e S i g n a t u r e S u p e r v i s o r P ro f. F a ro u k H a b b a n i E x te r n a l P ro f. M u s ta fa M o h a m m e d O s m a n •V E x a m in e r N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 4 D edication TO M Y P A R E N T S A N D M Y F A M IL Y [i] A CKNO W LEDGEM ENTS I would like to express my deepest sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Farouk Habbani fo r giving me a unique opportunity to work on such topic, and guiding me with great patience and continuous encouragement, I consider m yselff ortunate to work under his supervision. I would like also to thank my colleagues at Sudan Atomic Energy Commission and Sudan Academy o f Sciences fo r their help. Finally thanks SAEC fo r giving me the chance to do this study. A B S T R A C T This study discussed the purposes and types of coolants in nuclear reactors to generate electricity. The major systems and components associated with nuclear reactors are cooling system. There are two major cooling systems utilized to convert the heat generated in the fuel into electrical power. The primary system transfers the heat from the fuel to the steam generator, where the secondary system begins. The steam formed in the steam generator is transferred by the secondary system to the main turbine generator, where it is converted into electricity after passing through the low pressure turbine. There are various coolants used in nuclear reactors —light water, heavy water and liquid metal. The two major types of water-cooled reactors are pressurized water reactors (PWR) and boiling water reactors (BWR) but pressurized water reactors are more in the world. Also discusses this study the reasons and impact o f the major nuclear accidents, in , ♦ the April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine was the product o f a flawed soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators, and in the March 2011 at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan was the product o f Earthquake of magnitude 9.0, the accidents caused the largest uncontrolled radioactive release into the environment. ﺺ ﺨﻠﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻧﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻻ ﻪﻳوﻮﻨﻟا تﻼﻋﺎﻔﻤﻟا مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تادﺮﺒﻤﻟا عاﻮﻧاو ضاﺮﻏا ﻪﺳارﺪﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﻲ ﻓ ﻪﻳوﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺘﻟ نﺎﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻮﻫو يوﻮﻨﻟا ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﺪﻳﺮﺒﺘﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ، ﻲﻓ ، ﺔﻳوﻮﻨﻟا ﺀﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ تﺎﻄﺤﻣ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻞﻐﺘﺴﺗ . ﻪﻳﺮﻨﻟا ﻪﻳﻮﻧﻻا ح ﺎﻣﺪﻧا وا رﺎﻄﺸﻧا ت ﺎﻔﺗ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻋ ﺚ ﻴﺣ رﺎﺨﺑ ﻲﻟا هراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ لوﻻا مﺎﻇﺬﻟا.ﺀﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﻜﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻹ ﻚﻟذ ﺪﻌﺑ مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ يﺬﻟا رﺎﺨﺑ جﺎﺘﻧﻹ ﻦﻴﺨﺴﻨﺘﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻟا ﺀﺎﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻧﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻻ ﺎﻬﻜﻳﺮﺤﺗو ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﻂﻐﺿ ﻲﻓ هدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﻴﺑرﻮﺘﻟا هﺎﺠﺗا ﻲﻓ رﺎﺨﺒﻟا ﻞ ﻘﻧ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻳ ﻲﻧﺎﺛ ﺎﻬﻤﻫا ﻦﻣ تازﺎﻐﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ﻞﻴﻘﺜﻟا ﺀﺎﻤﻟاو ﻒﻴﻔﺨﻟا ﺀﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺪﻳﺮﺒﺘﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ عاﻮﻧا ةﺪﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺮ ﺜﻛا ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻤﻟا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ . ﻪﻳوﻮﻨﻟا تﻼﻋﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﺎﺼﻳا مﻮﻳدﻮﺼﻟا مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ مﻮﻴﻠﻴﻬﻟا زﺎﻏو نﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟا ﺪﻴﺴﻛوا ﻲﻓ ﺮ ﺜﻛا ﻦﻣ طﻮﻔﻀﻤﻟا ﺀﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻣ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳو ،طﻮﻔﻀﻤﻟا ﺀﺎﻤﻟا تﻼﻋﺎﻔﻣو ﻲﻠﻔﻤﻟا ﺀﺎﻤﻟا تﻼﻋﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا تادﺮﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ .ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا هدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا تﻼﻋﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﻲ ﻓ ﺔ ﺛرﺎﻛ ١٩٨٦ ﻞﻳﺮﺑا ثﺪﺣ. نﺎﺘﻳوﻮﻨﻟا نﺎﻗدﺎﺤﻟا ﻪﺒﺗﺮﺘﻤﻟا رﺎﺛﻻاو بﺎﺒﺳﻻا ﻪﺳارﺪﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺎﻀﻳا رﺬﻗﺎﻨﺗ ﺊﻌﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻲ ﻠﻋ ﺐ ﻧﺎﺠﺑ يوﻮﻨﻟا ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺎﻄﺨﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺎﻴﻧاﺮﻛوا ﻪﻳوﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻠﻟ ﻞﻴﺑﻮﻧﺮﺷ ﺔﻄﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﺑﻮﻧﺮﺷ ﻲﺘﻴﻓﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻳوﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﻄﺤﻣ يوﻮﻧ ٢٠٦١ سرﺎﻣ ﺎﻀﻳا ثﺪﺣو، ﻪﻄﺤﻤﻟا ﻲﻠﻐﺸﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻲﺘﻟا د ﺮﻴﻄﺨﻟا ﺀﺎﻄﺧﻻا ﻲﻓ ث دﺎﺣ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻠﻧا ﻪﻳوﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻌﺷ'ﻼﻟ ﻂﺒﻀﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ثﺎﻌﺒﻧا ثداﻮﺤﻟا هﺬﻫ ﺎﺘﻠﺒﺒﺴﺗ ٩ ٠ ٠ ﻪﺗﻮﻗ ﺎﺘﻠﻐﻠﺑ لاﺰﻟﺰﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ نﺎﻛ نﺎﺑﺎﻴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﺷﻮﻛﻮﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ,ﻪﻨﻴﺒﻟا ﻰﻓ T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S . i r f F A G f e . . •< v. > •'* '• , ' ..*• . ' :* * 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 7:v : :7 'v f: V 0 :.V A ? D E D I C A T I O N i A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S i i A B S T R A C T h i A B S T R A C T (A R A B IC ) VI T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S V L I S T O F F I G U R E S V III • -’h. ANTF''*^ cw- :.-:>:,'3Ccr.:W 1 I n tr o d u c tio n 3 (l.O )L ite r a tu r e r e v ie w (1. l)Components of nuclear reactor 3 (1.2)Main types of nuclear reactors systems 4 (1.2.1) Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) systems 4 (1.2.1.1)Pressure vessel and internals 4 (1.2.1.2) Steam generator 4 — 1 “ “ 1 1 (1.2.1.3) Pressurizer 4 (1.2.1.4)Reactor coolant pump 5 (1.2.1.5)Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) 5 [V] 8 (1 .2 .2 )B o ilin g W a te r R e a c to r (B W R ) S y stem i 4 9 ; (1 .2 .2 .1 )C o n tro l sy ste m s i 11 (1 .2 .2 .2 ) S te a m tu rb in e s i r (1 .2 .2 .3 ) S iz e i i ! i 4 { i • ( 1 .2 .2 .4 ) S a fe ty sy stem s 11 i f i i — ,— j (1 .2 .2 .5 ) R e fu e lin g sy ste m s ii } t * 14 Objective of research i i 1 :S l ; ^ 'm ' ' ■ A i ^ ; =- - . 3 p ' ; " ^ v y A ; . a •? , v s ^ : W - L 7 s A v , . . : . . . . ; , ? : :, r A - ^ . : - . ■ < , < * ■ * . . ' ,\- . . V :■ • .* • i 1 '•••■■: • - . . .................................. ■ 7 M " ■ ■ ; •■ ' . i ^ ' • ' A ' •■■ ■ ' • ' ' • • . ? > ■• v ' . ' ' : : : ' 5 c :- . j ;; v - v :- • (2 .1 )R e a c to r c o o la n t sy ste m 1 1 5 15 (2 .1 .1 ) P re s s u re r e l i e f s y s te m 1 1 15 (2 .1 .2 ) R e a c to r re c irc u la tio n sy ste m 1 1 1 15 (2 .1 .3 ) R e a c to r co re is o la tio n c o o lin g sy ste m 16 (2 .1 .4 ) R e s id u a l h e a t re m o v a l s y s te m s 1 1 J { 17 (2 .1 .5 )R e a c to r w a te r c le a n u p s y s te m i 1 17 ! (2 .2 )T y p e s o f c o o la n ts u s e d in n u c le a r reacto rs * * 4 4 ' 17 1 (2 .2 .1 )L ig h t w a te r 1 1 1 1 1 (2 .2 .2 ) H e a v y W a te r R e a c to r (H W R ) 1 ^ 1 ; i i i i 18 (2 .2 .3 )G a s C o o le d R e a c to rs (G C R ) 18 (2 .2 .4 )A d v a n c e d g as c o o le d re a c to r 1 18 (2 .2 .5 )L iq u id -m e ta l fa s t-b re e d e r re a c to r (L M F B R ) • •it ) » 19 (2 .2 .5 .1 ) L e a d -c o o le d 19 (2 .2 .5 .2 ) S o d iu m - c o o le d [Vi] CHAPTER THREE D i s u s s r o i v 23 (3. l ) L o s s O f C o o la n t A c c id e n t (L O C A ) 23 ( 3 . 2 ) C h e r n o b y l a c c id e n t A p r il 1 9 8 6 i < 24 S (3 .2 .1 )T h e C h e rn o b y l site a n d p la n t j t (3 .2 .2 ) Im m e d ia te im p a c t o f th e C h e rn o b y l a c c id e n t 24 I 26 ( 3 .3 ) F u k u s h im a a c c id e n t M a rc h 2011 ^ — -j 26 (3 .3 .1 ) R a d ia tio n e x p o su re on th e p la n t site 27 (3 .3 .2 )T h e t w o F u k u s h im a p la n t s a n d t h e ir s it t in g 27 ( 3 . 3 . 3 ) R a d ia t io n e x p o s u r e o n t h e p la n t s it e % 30 C o n c lu s io n a n d R e c o m m e n d a tio n 32 R e fe r e n c e s L IS T O F F IG U R E S F ig u re (1 -1 ) N u c le a r fis s io n c h a in re a c tio n 2 1 F ig u re (1 .2 ) B a s ic stru c tu re o f p re s s u riz e d w a te r re a c to r 7 F ig u r e (1 -3 ) B a sic stru c tu re o f B o ilin g W a te r R e a c to r (B W R ) 13 F ig u r e (2 .1 ) P re s s u riz e d w a te r r e a c to r 20 F ig u re (2 .2 ) B o ilin g w a te r re a c to r 20 F ig u re (2 .3 ) H e a v y W a te r R e a c to r (FIW R) 21 s ■ ' - « ' ■ ' F ig u re (2 .4 ) B a sic g a s - c o o le d r e a c to r 21 4 4 F ig u re (2 .5 ) A d v a n c e d G a s -c o o le d R e a c to rs (A G R ) 22 F ig u re (2 .6 ) S o d iu m -C o o le d fa st r e a c to r 22 F ig u re (3 .1 ) A n a c c id e n t h a p p e n e d at th e C h e rn o b y l n u c le a r 25 p o w e r S ta tio n o n 2 6 A p ril 1986 • F ig u re (3 .2 ) T h re e re a c to rs at F u k u s h im a D a iic h i o v e rh e a te d , 29 c a u s in g m e ltd o w n s [viii]