Defining a reference building according to LEED v4, to enable comparison of LCA alternatives Olsson, Anna Steko, Anel Master thesis in Energy-efficient and Environmental Buildings Faculty of Engineering | Lund University Lund University Lund University, with eight faculties and a number of research centers and specialized institutes, is the largest establishment for research and higher education in Scandinavia. The main part of the University is situated in the small city of Lund which has about 112 000 inhabitants. A number of departments for research and education are, however, located in Malmö. Lund University was founded in 1666 and has today a total staff of 6 000 employees and 47 000 students attending 280 degree programs and 2 300 subject courses offered by 63 departments. Master Program in Energy-efficient and Environmental Building Design This international program provides knowledge, skills and competencies within the area of energy-efficient and environmental building design in cold climates. The goal is to train highly skilled professionals, who will significantly contribute to and influence the design, building or renovation of energy-efficient buildings, taking into consideration the architecture and environment, the inhabitants’ behavior and needs, their health and comfort as well as the overall economy. The degree project is the final part of the master program leading to a Master of Science (120 credits) in Energy-efficient and Environmental Buildings. Examiner: Dennis Johansson Supervisor: Charlotte Retzner, Mikael Lantz Keywords: LEED, LEED v4, LCA, Life-cycle assessment, Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction, Baseline Building Thesis: EEBD - XX/15 Abstract In this thesis the possibility of defining a general reference building, or so-called Baseline Building representing Swedish multi-family dwellings is investigated. The scope of the research is limited to analyze the multi-family dwellings of 3-8 stories. If succeeded the results should represent a general Baseline Building according to the new LEED v4 credit, Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction. The credit requires a whole building life-cycle assessment to be carried out in order to evaluate environmental effects cause by the building design. However difficulties occur when developing a Baseline Building since no reference point is known. This leads to uncertainties when trying to improve the building design, since the reference point contains major variations. A suggested Baseline Building was derived by analyzing five questions from surveys conducted on the Swedish building stock, during 2000-2009. These questions considered the building shape, structural components, and manufacturing method of the structural component, façade material and roofing material. Through the statistical analysis it was concluded that the most common building shape consisted of two building shapes, Apartment Block and Building Block. The choice of structural element consisted of partly prefabricated concrete elements for both building shapes. Furthermore plaster was found to be the most common façade material and metal sheet the most common roofing material. Despite this, no general Baseline Building that covered all building elements was obtained through the statistical review, due to high variations in greenhouse gas emissions caused by different construction types. The results should instead be used as material suggestions for the building envelope and structural elements of a Baseline Building. The results from the investigation are intended to guide project teams in selecting appropriate materials in an early design stage regarding the Baseline Building design. As the final step sensitivity analysis were conducted by defining different construction and material types of a Baseline Building design and analyzed in a simplified LCA tool. From the LCA study we could conclude that the structural elements affected the LCA results the most. In conclusion the structural elements should be analyzed in early design phase through a “what if” scenarios to improve the LCA outcome. Acknowledgements This project has been performed within the master program Energy-efficient and Environmental Building Design (EEBD) at the Faculty of engineering, LTH, Lund University. We would like to take the opportunity to thank the persons that in different ways have contributed to this master thesis. First of all we would like to thank our supervisors at Skanska, Björn Berggren and Jeanette Sveder-Lundin, for their knowledge in the field of this thesis. Their guidance and feedback has been very helpful to finalize this thesis. We would also like to thank our supervisors Charlotte Retzner and Mikael Lantz and our examiner Dennis Johansson who gave us helpful input regarding this subject. Finally, a special thanks to our family and friends for their continuous support. Helsingborg, May 2015 Anna Olsson Anel Steko Definition list ASTM C272 American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI American National Standards Institute ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers Addenda Continuous maintenance of published standards regarding additional items Baseline Building Designed reference point when evaluating energy and LCA improvements. LEED v4 refers to a Baseline Building for when evaluating improvements BBR 22 The latest version of BBR, Boverket Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning DOE-2 Energy analysis program for buildings E-waste Electronic waste, computers, printers, fax machines etc. Errata Continuous maintenance of typographical errors, misprints, misspellings and grammatical errors to the published standard or guidelines EnergyPlus Energy analysis program for buildings EPD Environmental Product Declaration, document verifying the environmental performance of a product or service, based on LCA IES Illuminating Engineering Society Multi-family dwellings Houses for more than one house hold PBF Plan- och Byggförordning, translation: Planning and Building regulation Proposed design Optimized building design based on results from Baseline Building Reference building Baseline Building Table of content 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose 2 1.3 Scope and limitations 2 1.4 Disposition of report 3 1.5 Method 4 2 LEED ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General background 7 2.2 Impact categories 7 2.3 LEED categories 8 2.3.1 Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction (MR) 12 2.3.2 Minimum Energy Performance (EA) 18 2.4 Certification process 19 2.5 Findings from LEED 22 3 Building standards ................................................................................... 25 3.1 ASHRAE 90.1-2010 25 3.1.1 General background 25 3.1.2 Appendix G 26 3.2 BBR 22 32 3.2.1 General background 32 3.2.2 Building envelope requirements, BBR 22 33 3.3 Findings from Building standards 34 4 LCA ......................................................................................................... 39 4.1 General background 39 4.2 The ISO 14000 series 40 4.2.1 How to perform an LCA according to ISO 14040/14044 41 4.3 Findings from LCA 44 5 Development of a Baseline Building ....................................................... 45 5.1 Analysis of the Swedish building stock 45 5.1.1 Data collection 47 5.1.2 Data process and analysis 49 5.2 Starting point for baseline 52 5.2.1 Starting point for building design 52 5.2.2 Starting point for building components 52 5.3 Analysis of LCA 52 6 Result ....................................................................................................... 55 6.1 Analysis of the Swedish building stock 55 6.2 Starting point for Baseline Building 59 6.2.1 Starting point for building design 59 6.2.2 Starting point for building components 64 6.3 Analysis of LCA 70 6.3.1 LCA for different building components 70 6.3.2 LCA for whole building 79 7 Discussion ............................................................................................... 83 8 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 87 9 References ............................................................................................... 89 Appendix A. U-value calculation .................................................................... 93 Appendix B. Fenestrations ............................................................................ 101 Appendix C. Architectural drawings ............................................................. 105 Appendix D. LCA Building components ...................................................... 107