© 1982, 1996 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2140 Oak Industrial Drive N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505 / P.O. Box 163, Cambridge CB3 9PU U.K. All rights reserved First edition 1982 Second edition 1996 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LaSor, William Sanford. Old Testament survey: the message, form, and background of the Old Testament / William Sanford LaSor, David Allan Hubbard, Frederic Wm. Bush; with contributions by Leslie C. Allen . . . [et al.].—Second ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-8028-3788-3 (cloth: alk. paper); 978-1-467-42708-1 (ePub); 978-1-467-40984-1 (Kindle) 1. Bible. O.T.—Introductions. I. Hubbard, David Allan. II. Bush, Frederic William. III. Allen, Leslie C. IV. Title. BS1140.2.L25 1996 221.6′1—dc20 96-14385 CIP www.eerdmans.com Contents Acknowledgments for the Second Edition Acknowledgments for the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Contributors Maps PART ONE: THE TORAH 1: The Pentateuch 2: Genesis: Primeval Prologue 3: Genesis: Patriarchal History 4: Exodus: Historical Background 5: Exodus: Message 6: Leviticus 7: Numbers 8: Deuteronomy PART TWO: THE PROPHETS 9: The Former Prophets 10: Joshua 11: Judges 12: Birth of the Monarchy (1 Sam. 1:1–2 Sam. 5:10) 13: Israel’s Golden Age: David and Solomon (2 Sam. 5:11–1 Kgs. 11:43) 14: Divided Monarchy (1 Kgs. 12:1–2 Kgs. 18:12) 15: Judah Alone (2 Kgs. 18–25) 16: Prophets and Prophecy 17: Hebrew Poetry 18: Amos 19: Hosea 20: Micah 21: Isaiah: Background 22: Isaiah: Message 23: Zephaniah, Nahum, and Habakkuk 24: Jeremiah 25: Ezekiel 26: Obadiah and Joel 27: Jonah 28: Haggai 29: Zechariah 30: Malachi PART THREE: THE WRITINGS 31: Introduction to the Writings 32: Psalms 33: Wisdom Literature 34: Proverbs 35: Job 36: Ecclesiastes 37: The Song of Songs 38: Ruth 39: Lamentations 40: The Scroll of Esther 41: The Chronicler’s Perspective 42: Ezra-Nehemiah 43: Daniel PART FOUR: THE BACKGROUND 44: The Authority of the Old Testament for Christians 45: Revelation and Inspiration 46: The Concept of Canon 47: Formation of the Old Testament 48: Geography 49: The Chronological Puzzle 50: Archaeology 51: Messianic Prophecy Abbreviations For Further Reading General Bibliography Endnotes Indexes Acknowledgments for the Second Edition To take advantage of the most recent biblical scholarship and the carefully crafted inclusive language where human beings are the subject, we have used the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), unless otherwise indicated. Special thanks go to the Word Processing team at Fuller Theological Seminary who prepared the disks and the hard copy for these chapters. Marilyn Marshall, who served as a member of David A. Hubbard’s staff at Fuller and continued to assist him in his emeritus years, deserves much credit for the coordination of the project. Special mention is due Katherine Jeffrey for her accurate and sensitive editing work. Allen Myers has carried the burden of the seemingly endless task on behalf of the group at Eerdmans who have seen our efforts through to a happy conclusion. Acknowledgments for the First Edition Unless otherwise stated, scripture quotations are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyrighted 1946, 1952 © 1971, 1973 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and used by permission. Special thanks for help goes to our graduate assistants Eugene Carpenter, Ph.D., Edward M. Cook, Marianne Meye Thompson, and Marguerite Schuster, Ph.D. Inez T. Smith coordinated the typing and collating of the various drafts. Phyllis Jarvis of Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. retyped the entire edited manuscript, which was revised for style and checked for accuracy by Allen Myers. Preface to the Second Edition The steady and widespread use of The Old Testament Survey since its publication in 1982 has encouraged us to make it even more serviceable in this revised form. Several aims have shaped our efforts in the updating of the volume. First, we have tried to make the text more congenial to the thousands of college and university students who use it annually. Simpler style, gender-sensitive language, shorter sentences, a more congenial look to the pages, additional charts, illustrations, and maps—these and other devices have been employed to that end. Furthermore, we have transferred a number of chapters from the beginning to the end of the book to offer teachers the choice of plunging immediately into the biblical writings. Second, we have sought to include in the text as well as in the endnotes and bibliographies material as current as possible, especially in those instances where new interpretative options have arisen or the scholarly consensus has changed. Third, we have added a new chapter on Archaeology and have included more data from recent archaeological research in the other chapters. Our hope is that the revisions will enhance the use of the book for its intended readership: college and seminary students and their teachers, as well as pastors, Bible students, and interested laypersons. The cordial participation of a team of colleagues in the task means that the work has undergone a breadth and depth of scrutiny that will enhance both its clarity and its quality. We are honored by the appearance of their names on the title page. The sudden death in 1991 of our senior colleague, Bill LaSor, meant that we were deprived of his keen eye and ready pen during much of the process. He did, however, leave mounds of materials behind him with perceptive suggestions and pointed queries that have reminded us of his commitment to the task and his competence through six decades of indefatigable labor in biblical and Semitic studies. May 1996 DAVID ALLAN HUBBARD FREDERIC WM. BUSH *** On June 7, 1996, as this revision of Old Testament Survey was in its final stages, David Allan Hubbard died of a heart attack at his home in Santa Barbara, California. He was born to John and Helena Hubbard on April 8, 1928, in Stockton, California. He is survived by his wife of 46 years, Ruth; their daughter, Mary Given; son-in-law Dean Given; grandsons David and Jeffrey; brothers John and Robert, and a sister, Laura Smith, and their families. David graduated from Westmont College, Santa Barbara, and completed his M.Div. and M.Th. degrees at Fuller Seminary in 1954, subsequently being ordained as a minister in the American Baptist Churches of the USA. He earned a Ph.D. degree in Old Testament studies at St. Andrew’s University in Scotland in 1957, whereupon he joined the faculty of Westmont College. In 1963, at the age of 35, he was called to be the third president of Fuller Theological Seminary, at which post he served until his retirement in 1993. Under his leadership, Fuller grew to be the largest independent, fully accredited theological seminary in the world, and, largely due to his creative vision and administrative skill, came to include not only the School of Theology but a School of Psychology and a School of World Mission as well. In addition to his heavy administrative duties as president, David regularly carried a half-time load of teaching in the Old Testament department, always packing the classroom as a gifted and charismatic teacher. And the heritage of his parents, both of whom served as ministers, was not only realized in the warm and vibrant faith which marked him, but also in his service as the host and speaker of “The Joyful Sound” international radio broadcast from 1969 to 1980. In addition to his administrative and teaching responsibilities, David continued an active scholarly and publishing career, producing 36 books, including four commentaries on the Old Testament. He was both the instigator and catalyst for the first edition of Old Testament Survey, with great skill enabling the three of us both to make progress toward its completion and to find consensus on its contents (no mean task!); and he carried the complete editorial responsibility for this revised edition. Without his skill and dedication neither edition would have seen the light of day. He was also serving as the editor of the Word Biblical Commentary series at the time of his death. He served for two years as president of the Association for Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, and later in the month in which he died was to have received a lifetime achievement award from the Association. But his contributions were not limited to the theological world. He chaired the Pasadena Urban Coalition from 1968 to 1971, and, at the invitation of the governor of California, served as a member of the California State Board of Education from 1972 to 1975. But David Hubbard was more than seminary president and scholar. He was an accomplished musician and an inveterate lover of baseball: at almost any time of the season he could give you the batting averages of not only the leaders of both leagues but most of the rest as well! He especially enjoyed taking his grandsons to the game. And at the memorial service held for him at Fuller Seminary on June 20, 1996, those who spoke testified time and again that it was not just the dignity and elegance that marked all that he did nor his many accomplishments which most endeared him to their memory, but the warm and unconditional loving friendship which he bestowed upon all of us in lavish measure. To me he was a mentor, colleague, and co-author but most of all a warm, accepting friend. The encomium in the order of service at his memorial at Fuller Seminary concluded as follows: “In the ‘Mission Beyond the Mission’ he wrote to the Fuller community: ‘Call the Church of Christ to renewal; work for the moral health of society; seek peace and justice in the world; uphold the truth of God’s revelation.” David Allan Hubbard did just that. And in so doing he left a legacy of blessing to us all.” FREDERIC WM. BUSH Preface to the First Edition This book has been in the making for some years. The plan for it developed when one of us taught Old Testament survey courses at the collegiate level and was frustrated by the lack of an adequate text. Though teachers of Scripture have been blessed amply with specialized works like histories, theologies, and introductions, no one volume was available that combined those elements in a framework whose theological and scholarly approaches we found congenial. For more than fifteen years now the three of us have taught together as a team at Fuller Theological Seminary, sharing the Old Testament core courses and testing these chapters with hundreds of students along the way. Their suggestions and criticisms we have tried to incorporate into the various drafts, and their fingerprints are on every page. We have approached our materials with both college and seminary students in mind. Our aim has been to pitch the text at a level that most college students can handle and then to meet some of the more technical needs of seminary instruction with the footnotes and bibliographies. (Works cited in the annotated chapter bibliographies—labeled “For Further Reading”—are representative studies chosen to supplement those cited in the chapter notes. For more comprehensive works see the General Bibliography.) Though each of us has drafted certain chapters, we have all read, reviewed, and revised each other’s work so thoroughly that the book is a joint effort in every sense. Our purpose is straightforward: to introduce the reader to the background, content, literary quality, and message of the Old Testament as a whole and of its various books. To do this we have not followed a rigid outline for each biblical book but have sought to let the contents and style of each book dictate the way we have studied it. The basic sequence of the later prophets has been altered to fit our understanding of their approximate chronological order. In no way is our design to substitute for the Bible. What book can? Our hope is that it will be read as a guide and supplement to the biblical text itself and that, as such, it will enhance the devotion and obedience of its readers to Scripture and to Scripture’s Lord. We venture to state succinctly here what we have tried to make apparent throughout the book: we are committed to the inspiration and the authority of the Bible, including every part of the Old Testament, and seek to honor it as Holy Scripture in all we say about it. Beyond that, we have written of the Old Testament as those who understand that its fulfillment is in the New Testament and in Jesus of Nazareth, whom we believe to be the Messiah and the incarnation of the living God. Though at every point we have sought to approach the Old Testament text from the vantage of Israel’s sons and daughters to whom it was first given, yet we have been constrained not to stop there but to suggest the relationships of the Old Testament themes to the New Testament, the creedal affirmations of the early Church, and the evangelical confessions of the Reformation—all of which govern and express what we believe and teach. Out of that commitment to the reality and authority of divine revelation flows a concern to take with full seriousness the historical, cultural, and social setting of Scripture together with the literary and linguistic means by which it was recorded. That concern necessarily entails the reverent use of the tools of textual, literary, and form criticism in order to hear the nuances with which God spoke to the first hearers of his word. We do the Bible no honor to revere it without making every effort, with every available scholarly means, to understand it. Obedience to God and worship of his holy name are our ultimate aim as God’s people. Such obedience and worship will be best informed where we have grasped the how, why, when, where, and by whom of his sacred revelations. Both piety and study are essential to sound discipleship. To combine them has been the goal of our ministries and of this