dd ee zz riri oo hh DIRECTORATE GENERAL utut AA e e AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING & rr uu ss oo WATER MANAGEMENT SINDH clcl ss DiDi HYDERABAD c c blibli uu PP dd ee zz riri oo hh utut AA e e rr uu ss oo clcl ss DiDi c c blibli uu PP dd ee zz riri ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT/ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN oo hh utut FOR AA e e SINDH IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT PROJECT rr uu ss oo (SIAPEP) clcl ss DiDi c c blibli ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT uu PP REPORT dd ee zz riri Submitted By: oo hh utut AA e e rr uu osos M/S COUNTRY SURVEY & MAPPING clcl ss DiDi SERVICES c c blibli & uu PP FINCON SERVICES INC. Joint Venture Address 691, Karim Block, Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Tel: + 92 (42) 35426927, Fax: +92 (42) 35426928 Web: www.csms.com.pk Email: [email protected] Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 01 1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 10 1.0 Introduction 10 1.1 Background of the Agriculture in Sindh/ historical perspective 10 1.2 Background 11 1.2.1 Issues in agriculture and water management 12 1.2.2 Chemical use in Agriculture 12 1.3 The previous OFWM Projects in Sindh 13 1.4 Project Executing Agency 18 1.5 Project Overview 19 1.5.1 Project Location and Boundaries: 19 1.5.2 Project Objectives and Approach: 21 1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study 22 1.6.1 EA Study Objectives 22 1.6.2 EA Study Scope 23 1.6.3 Scope for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 23 1.6.4 Environmental Assessment (EA) Study Methodology 24 1.6.4.1 Scoping: 24 1.6.4.2 Review of Policies, Guidelines and Legislation of 25 GoS, GoP and World Bank 1.6.4.3 Stakeholder Consultations 25 1.6.4.4 Data Collection/Compilation 25 1.6.4.5 Impact Assessment 25 1.6.4.6 Management Framework 25 1.6.4.7 Environmental & Social Management Framework 25 ESMF 1.6.4.8 Inception Report 26 1.6.4.9 Report Compilation 26 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV i Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 1.6.5 The main parts of EA study are as under: 26 1.6.6 EA Study Team 26 1.6.7 EA Document Structure 27 2. LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY, AND POLICY 28 FRAMEWORK 2.0 Introduction 28 2.1 National Laws and Regulations 30 2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 30 2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE 31 and EIA Regulations, 2000 2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards 31 2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 32 2.1.5 Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1972 33 2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927 34 2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 35 2.1.8 Sindh On‐farm Water Management and Water Users’ 35 Associations Ordinance 2.1.9 Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 36 2.1.10 Antiquity Act, 1975 37 2.1.11 Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948 37 2.1.12 Factories Act, 1934 37 2.1.13 Employment of Child Act, 1991 37 2.1.14 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 38 2.2. Policy, Regulatory Framework, and Institutional Capacity for Pest 38 Management 2.2.1 Laws, Rules and Regulations 38 2.2.2 Institutional Framework 38 2.2.3 Registration of Pesticides. 39 2.2.3.1 Storage and use of Pesticides 40 2.2.3.2 Pesticide Laboratory 40 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV ii Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 2.2.3.3 Offences and Penalties 40 2.2.4 Banned Pesticides. 40 2.2.5 Enforcement Experience. 42 2.3. The World Bank Operational Policies 42 2.3.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) 42 2.3.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) 43 2.3.3 Forestry (OP 4.36) 44 2.3.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) 44 2.3.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09) 44 2.3.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) 44 2.3.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) 45 2.3.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) 45 2.3.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10) 46 2.3.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) 46 2.3.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies 46 2.4. Obligations under International Treaties 47 2.5. Current Pest and Pesticide Management Approaches 48 2.5.1 Main Agricultural Pests/Diseases by Crop 48 2.5.2 Externalities of Pesticide Use 49 2.6. Institutional Setup for Environmental Management 52 2.7 Environmental and Social Guidelines 52 2.7.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and 52 Social Guidelines 2.7.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines 53 3. CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES OF 54 RELEVANCE TO PROJECT 3.1 Water sharing systems and Institutional Reforms 54 3.1.1 Warabundi System 54 3.1.2 Impact of Drought 54 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV iii Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 3.1.3 Water Course Level Institutions 54 3.1.4 Water Course Association (WCA) 55 3.2 Crop production & institutional reforms 55 3.3 Decentralization, devolution and local government 56 3.4 Lack of knowledge and awareness issues 58 3.5 Apprehensions 58 3.6 Representation 59 3.7 Role & effectiveness of FOs 59 3.8 Relationship between land owners & tenants 60 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 61 4.1 Project Background 61 4.2 Project Objectives 62 4.2.1 Project Development Objectives 62 4.2.2 Project Rationale, Coverage and Size 62 4.2.3 Brief Description of the Proposed Project 63 4.3 Project Components 63 4.4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 72 4.5 Project Beneficiaries 75 5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 77 5.1 No‐project Alternative 77 5.2 Alternative Irrigation Methods 77 5.3 Alternative Land Leveling Methods 78 5.4 Alternative Methods of On‐farm Water Conservation 79 5.5 Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives 79 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 80 CONDITIONS 6.1 Rationale 80 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV iv Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 6.2 Environmental issues 80 6.3 Environmental Trends in Sindh 84 6.3.1 Physical Environment 84 6.3.2 Soils 86 6.3.3 Topography and Geology 87 6.3.4 Land Use 89 6.3.5 Climate and Meteorology 90 6.4 Water Resourses in Sindh 95 6.4.1 Surface Water Resources 95 6.4.2 Groundwater Sources 96 6.4.3 Groundwater Potential 96 6.5 Biological Environment 97 6.5.1 Important Flora in Irrigated Zone (Project Area) 97 6.5.2 Reserved Forests in the study Area 98 6.5.3 Fauna 102 6.5.4 Ramsar Recognized sites in Sindh and study area 102 6.6 Socio‐economic profile 104 6.6.1 Population 104 6.6.2 Agriculture & Crops 104 6.7 Poverty Status: 105 6.8 Women in Agriculture 106 6.9 Urbanization Issues in Sindh 107 6.10 Deforestation in Sindh 109 6.11 Cultural Heritage 110 6.12 Protected Areas 114 7. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND 120 DISCLOSURE 7.1 Objectives 120 7.2 Scope of the objective 120 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV v Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 7.3 Participation Framework 121 7.4 Who Attended the Consultative Workshop 121 7.5 Directly Effected People 122 7.6 Consultation Process 122 7.7 Importance of Stakeholders Consultation 122 7.8 Agenda of Public Consultation 123 7.9 Conduction of Consultation workshop 124 7.10 Schedule of Workshops 129 7.11 Summary of Participants in EA workshops of “Sindh Irrigated 130 Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project” (SIAPEP) 7.12 Meetings with stakeholders 130 8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION 138 8.1 Positive Impacts 138 8.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts and Mitigation 138 8.3 Component A: Community Water Infrastructure Improvement 138 8.3.1 Watercourse improvement 138 8.3.2 Conflicts in Water Supply Rights 140 8.3.3 Disruption of Local Routes 140 8.3.4 Loss of Precious Ecological Values 140 8.3.5 Impacts on Women, Children, Vulnerable Groups, and 141 Indigenous People 8.3.6 Clogging of Water Courses 141 8.3.7 Influx of Workers and Employment 142 8.3.8 Flood Risk for the Poor 142 8.4 Component B: Promotion of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems 143 (HEIS) 8.4.1 Sub‐component B1: Small and medium‐sized HEISs for 2 ha 143 (5 acres), 4 ha (10 Acres) and 10 ha (25 Acres) farms 8.4.2 Component B2: Small HEIS kits for schools and individual 144 households EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV vi Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 8.5 Component C: Improved Agriculture Practices 144 8.5.1 Sub‐Component C1: Laser Land Leveling and Deep Ripping 144 8.5.2 Noise/Vibration Mitigation 145 8.5.3 Sprinkler irrigation and laser land leveling. 145 8.6 Sub‐Component C2: Improved Agriculture Production Technology 146 8.7 Soil Erosion and Topography 147 8.8 Loss of Soil Productivity 147 8.9 Reduced Groundwater Recharge 148 8.10 Soil and Water Contamination 148 8.11 Air Quality 149 8.12 Water Consumption and Availability of Water in Downstream 150 Areas 8.13 Water Borne and Water‐related Diseases 150 8.14 Safety Hazards and Public Health 151 8.15 Impacts on Natural Flora and Fauna 151 8.16 Damage to Infrastructure 152 8.17 Sustainability of Interventions 153 8.18 Use of Pesticides 153 8.18.1 Sickness Incidence of Pesticide Applicators 154 8.18.2 Sickness in Women Cotton Pickers 154 8.18.3 Industrial Worker Poisoning 154 8.18.4 Pesticide Residue in Food Chain 154 8.18.5 Irrigation and Drinking Water 155 8.18.6 Generation of Toxic solid waste 155 8.18.7 Pesticide Residue Testing 155 8.19 Interventions & Mitigation Assessments 157 8.20 Check List for the Interventions & Mitigation 158 8.21 Check List for the Interventions of Integrated Pest Management & 169 Mitigation Assessments EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV vii Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL 177 MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.1 ESMP Objectives 177 9.2 ESMP Components 177 9.3 Overall Project Implementation Arrangements 178 9.4 Institutional Setup and Responsibilities Regarding Environmental 181 and Social Activates 9.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines 182 9.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring 182 9.7 Environmental and Social “Trainings and Awareness” 183 9.8 Grievance Redressal Mechanism 183 9.9 Documentation and Reporting 183 9.10 ESMP Implementation 184 9.11 Environmental and Social Monitoring and Reporting 184 9.12 Institutional Capacity for ESMF Implementation 185 9.13 Capacity Building requirements 185 9.14 ESMP Implementation Budget 186 9.15 Activity Plan of Environmental Issues and Mitigations 188 9.16 Activity Plan of Interventions of Integrated Pest Management 198 10. CONCLUSIONS 202 LIST OF TABLES: Table.1.1: Sindh Irrigation Infrastructure 11 Table.1.2: Summary of Watercourses Improved Under Different OFWM 16 Projects. Table 2.1: Environmental Problems on National Basis 51 Table 2.2: Different Types of Sickness Symptoms Reported 51 Table.6.1: Average Rainfall Data mainly during Monsoom Period (mm) 92 Table 6.2: District‐wise area of Riverine forests in Sindh 101 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV viii Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan for Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I Project (SIAPEP) Table 6.3: District‐wise Area of Irrigated Plantations on Left Bank of Indus 102 in Sindh Table.6.4: Protected Areas in Sindh and Study Area 115 Table No. 8.1: Interventions & Mitigation Assessments. 157 Table No. 8.2: Check List for Interventions & Mitigation. 158 Table No 8.3: Check List for the Interventions of Integrated Pest 169 Management & Mitigation Assessments Table.9.1: Activity Plan of Environmental Issues and Mitigation 188 Table.9.2: Activity Plan of Interventions of Integrated Pest Management 198 LIST OF FIGURE: Fig. 1.1: The Project Area 20 Fig 4.1: Different models of water courses already existed in Sindh 64 Province. Fig 4.2: Laser land leveling 67 Fig 4.3: Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Phase‐I 71 Project Component Overview Fig.6.1: Ecological distribution of Sindh 85 Fig 6.2: Map of Climate Zone of Sindh 88 Fig.6.3: Annual average rainfall during last 31 years 94 Figure 6.4. Map of Sindh Forests 100 Fig. 6.5: Protected Areas of Sindh 117 FIg.6.6: Location of Sindh Wetlands 118 Fig.6.7: Wildlife Distribution and preservation Areas 119 LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure A: Integrated Pest Management Plan 205 Annex 1.1 220 Annex 1.2 221 Annex 1.3 227 Annex 1.4 228 EA REPORT CSMS & FINCON JV ix
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