BASIC STATISTICS OF AUSTRIA THE LAND Area (thousand km2) (cid:9) 84 Major cities, March 1961 (thousands Agricultural area (thousand km2) ....... 40 of inhabitants): Exploited forest area (thousand km2)(cid:9) 32 Vienna(cid:9) 1,627 Graz.(cid:9) 237 Linz (cid:9) 196 Salzbourg(cid:9) 108 Innsbruck (cid:9) 101 THE PEOPLE Population, 1964(cid:9) 7,215,400 Net immigration, annual average per km2 (cid:9) 86 1962-64 (cid:9) 961 Net natural increase in population, Total employment1, monthly aver¬ annual average 1962-64(cid:9) 43,463 age 1965.(cid:9) 2,381.467 per 1,000 inhabitants (cid:9) 6.1 in industry (cid:9) 606,900 PRODUCTION Gross national product, 1965 (sch. Industrial origin ofGNPatmarket prices, billion) (cid:9) 239 1965 (per cent): per head (U.S. *) (cid:9) 1,266 Agriculture (cid:9) 8 Grossfixedinvestment,average1963-65: Industry (cid:9) 40 per cent of GNP(cid:9) 25 Construction (cid:9) 11 per head (U.S. ?) (cid:9)(cid:9) 296 Services (cid:9) 41 Home food production, 1964 (per cent of total food availability)(cid:9) 83 THE GOVERNMENT Public consumption, 1965 (per cent of Composition of Federal Parliament May GNP)(cid:9) 13 1966: GeneralGovernmentcurrentrevenue, 1964 Austrian People's Party (cid:9) 85 (per cent ofGNP) (cid:9) 35 Socialist Party (cid:9) 74 Federal Government debt, end 1964 (per Freedom Party (cid:9) 6 cent of Federal Government revenue). 47 Last election: March 1966 Next election: 1970 LIVING STANDARDS Calories per head, per day 1963-64... 2,960 Number of passenger cars in use, end Weekly gross earnings of industrial 1964 (per 1,000 inhabitants) (cid:9) 97 workersin Vienna, 1965 (sch.)(cid:9) 741 Number of telephones, end 1964 (per Food expenditure in 1964 (in percent 1,000 inhabitants) (cid:9) 130 oftotalexpenditurein workerhouse¬ Number of radio sets, end 1964 (per hold) (cid:9) 39.5 1,000 inhabitants) (cid:9) 296 Number of television sets, end 1964 (per 1,000 inhabitants) ......(cid:9)(cid:9) 83 FOREIGN TRADE Exports: Imports: Exports of goods, and services 1963-65 Imports of goods and services, 1963-65 (per cent ofGNP) (cid:9) 25 (per cent of GNP) average (cid:9) 26 Exports, 1965 (per cent oftotal merchan¬ Imports, 1965 (per cent oftotal merchan¬ dise exports): dise imports): Food, tobacco, beverages (cid:9) 5 Food, tobacco, beverages (cid:9) 13 Raw materials and energy (cid:9) 16 Raw materials and energy ........ 18 Chemicals(cid:9) 5 Chemicals (cid:9) 9 Machinery and transport equipment 20 Machinery and transport equipment 31 Otherfinished and semi-manufactur¬ Other finished and semi-manufac¬ ed products (cid:9) 54 tured products (cid:9) 29 THE CURRENCY Monetary unit: Schilling. Currency units per U.S. dollar: 26. 1. Wage and salary earners. ECONOMIC SURVEYS BY THE OECD AUSTRIA ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OrganisationforEconomic Co-operation andDevel¬ opment was set up under a Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960 by the Member countries ofthe Organi¬ sation for European Economic Co-operation and by Canada and the United States. This Convention provides that the OECD shallpromote policies designed: to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintainingfinancial stabi¬ lity, and thus to contribute to the development of the worldeconomy; to contribute tosoundeconomicexpansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The legal personality possessed by the Organisationfor European Economic Co-operation continues in the OECD, which came into being on 30th September 1961. The Members ofOECD are: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, the FederalRepublic ofGermany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. This document was approved by the Economic and Development Review Committee in May 1966. CONTENTS Introduction (cid:9) 5 I Internal Developments (cid:9) 5 Demand (cid:9) 6 Supply (cid:9) 8 Wages and prices (cid:9) 11 II Economic Policy (cid:9) 12 The Federal budget(cid:9) 12 Money and credit (cid:9) 14 The capital market(cid:9) (cid:9) 16 III The Balance of Payments (cid:9) 18 Policy Conclusions (cid:9) 22 Statistical Annex (cid:9) 27 LU CD < û. < Où ECONOMIC SURVEYS AUSTRIA INTRODUCTION The expansionary forces in the Austrian economy can be expected to weaken in the currentyear. Thegrowth rate ofactivityis likely to be only slightly higherthan last year, when itfellto 3 percentpartly dueto adverse weather. The increase of overall demand will probably not be sufficient fully to employ productive capacity in the economy and industrial invest¬ ment, which apart from last year's moderate upturn has been declining since 1962, will most likely fall again. Last year's tendency towards less stable price conditions should reverse itself. The overall balance of payments, which produced a deficit in 1965, after ten years ofsurpluses, is likely to improve. Part I of this review discusses recent trends and short-term prospects for demand, output, prices and wages. Part II considers economic policy action over the past year. Part HI is devoted to an analysis ofthe move¬ ment towards a better balance in foreign payments and the outlook for the balance ofpayments in 1966. I. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS The Austrian Institute for Economic Research has estimated that return to normal weather conditionswouldbeequivalenttoa2percentrise of output in the current year. But demand will probably not increase sufficiently to push up the rate ofgrowth by more than some 0.5 per cent, to about3.5 percent. Buildinginvestmentshould provide greaterstimulus to activity than in 1965, when it was adversely affected by weather. But the growth ofexpenditure on machinery and equipmentlooks like weaken¬ ing substantially, with a resumption of the downward trend of industrial investment. Last year's tendency towards a steepening rise of private consumptionmaynotcontinue. Therateofgrowthofpublicconsumption should stay fairly stable, after an abrupt fall in 1965. Stock building, stronglycontractinglastyear,isunlikelytochangemuch, giventheconjunc¬ tural outlook. The trend of imports will probably become less steep but the expansion ofexports may well fall offmore strongly. Demand Grossfixed assetformation can beexpected toincreaseby some3.5 per cent in the current year. Last year the increase had fallen to 4.5 per cent, roughly halfthat recorded in the preceding year, largely due to the marked drop ofgrowth ofbuilding activity. Weather conditions, poorin 1963 and 1965, inflated the growth rate ofbuilding in 1964 and depressed it last year. But there are reasons to suppose that the underlying trend of building weakened in some sectors in 1965. Federal spending for investment and investment promotion, strongly rising in the previous year, was kept stable in response primarily to budget policy considerations. According to plans announced early in the year, the electric powerindustry had expected to invest somewhat less in real terms than in the previous year and the building trades had planned to cuttheir own investment sharply. Building by industry rose less rapidly than in 1964, again probably because of less strong demand; smaller capacity extensions were planned and the weather conditions do not appear to have prevented their realization. Table I. INVESTMENT OUTLAYS IN INDUSTRY Percentagechangefrompreviousyear. BASIC CAPITAL CONSUMER TOTAL INDUSTRIES GOODS GOODS INDUSTRY INDUSTRY 1966, planned(cid:9) 8 1965 (cid:9) 6 9 16 1964 (cid:9) 5 1963 (cid:9) 12 J962 (cid:9) Source: Monatsberichtedes OsterreichischenInstitutesftlr Wjrtschaftsforschung. The growth of investment in machinery and equipment is likely to weaken in thecurrentyear. Accordingto an investmentenquirymadelast autumn, industry plans to spend 3 per cent less on investment than last year. This would imply an appreciable drop in real terms and a 15 per cent reduction, in current prices, as compared with outlays in 1961. The declining trend ofindustrial investment, persisting since 1962 except for a temporary rise last year, is giving rise to considerable concern in policy¬ making circles in Austria. It is true that there has been some shift in the structure of demand away from capital-intensive industry in recent years. But this probably implied no more than a moderation of the previously high rate of growth of investment in industry as a whole. The absolute declineappearstoreflectanumberofotherfactors. Uncertaintyasregards the outcome ofnegotiations with the EEC has probably been an important element. Differences ofpoliticaland ideological attitudes in policy-making bodies of the State industries may have acted as an additional brake. Financial obstacles have probably increased as well. Labour costs have risen rather steeply in recent years, as a result of less easy employment conditions. Growing discrimination against Austrian products in EEC marketsmayalso have adversely affected business investment. Private consumption can be expected to continue rising roughly at lastyear's rate. The tendency for households to save a smaller proportion of their incomes may not continue. But wages and transfer incomes of households will probably again increase steeply and this, combined with more stable prices, may prevent a slowdown of the growth of consumer spending. Last year's contraction ofstock-building activity should not continue. It largely reflected a change ofinventory policies in basic and semi-finished materials. The heavy stock replenishment of such materials associated with the conjunctural upswing in the spring of 1963 had largely come to an end by the second halfof 1964. It was followed by some running down of stocks. This trend appears to have reversed itself in some sectors in recentmonths, but an increasein total stock-building activity in thecurrent year seems unlikely, since the rise ofinventories offinished products, fairly strongin 1965, notablyin thebasicandcapitalgoodssector,can beexpected to become more moderate. Table 2. REAL GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT Percentage change from previous year1. 1964 1965 Privateconsumption (cid:9) 4.4 4.4 Publicconsumption(cid:9) 5,2 3.8 Grossfixed investment (cid:9) 8,1 5.0 plantandequipment (cid:9) 5.8 5.7 building (cid:9) 10.9 4.2 Stock building(percentofGNP)i [2.3] 11.9] Domesticexpenditure (cid:9) 7.0 4.0 Exports (cid:9) 8.0 6.6 Imports (cid:9) 9.3 9.6 GrossNational Product (cid:9) 6.6 3.0 ofwhich: industry (cid:9) 7.3 4.1 building (cid:9) 10.0 3.1 agriculture(cid:9) 7.0 other (cid:9) 4.9 5.1 1. Atconstant1954prices. Source: MonatsberichtedesOsterreichischen InstitutesforWirtschaftsforschung. Therelativelyfavourable outlook forworld trade points to a continued strong trend of exports in the current year. It may be difficult, however, to maintain the high growth of commodity exports achieved last year. Then demand was rising particularly fast in Germany, the most important single market for Austria's exports, a new trade agreement came into effect and commodity lists were extended in existing agreements with Eastern Bloc countries, and government arrangements for export credits were enlarged. The growth of imports should also slow down. Food imports are likely to go up less strongly given normal weather conditions and machinery and equipment imports mayexpandlessrapidlyifindustrial investment is to contract. Supply Labour supply conditions will probably not tighten in thecurrent year, exceptpossiblyin thebuildingtrades. Business enquiries in manufacturing suggest that industrial employment will remain roughly stable, as in the past three years. But the tendency towards short-term work may well increase; it became clearly more widespread last year after having been limited virtually to the textiles, clothing and leather industries in 1964. The outflow of labour from agriculture, corresponding to 1/3 1/2 of net additions to non-agricultural employment in recent years, should continue. It will probably also be possible, should need be, to increase further the intake of foreign labour. In the past two years employment undertheforeign labourquotahas roughlytripled and provided about one- half of the rise of total employment in Austria. Finally there may still be some scope for reducing seasonal unemployment, which is relatively high in Austria. The cuts in outlays, announced by industry in last autumn's enquiry, canbeexpectedtoreducefurtherthegrowth ofindustrialplantinthecurrent year. Industrial capacity seems likely to expand by only 3.5 per cent, the lowest rate recorded in ten years, compared with increases of4.5 per cent in 1965 and 5.4per cent in 1964.Asin 1965, the slowdown ofthe expansion will probably take place in the basic industries and consumer goods sector. In the investment goods industries the rate ofcapacity growth had already beenrelativelylowin 1964;itchanged littlelastyearandislikelytocontinue about the same in 1966. The rate of growth of industrial output, adversely affected by poor weather last year, is unlikely to steepen much in the current year. All main branches contributed to the slowdown of the growth of output in 1965 (3.1 per cent per employed person, as against 8.0 per cent in 1964). By far the biggest deceleration occurred in building materials and basic goods. The consumer goods sector raised output much less than in the previous year despite the steepening of private consumption; and the 8