Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography held September 22-26, 1980, at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of ",oc~~"OG"~"'Iy~ the founding of the Institution (' ~.~) ~~f OCEANOGRAPHY: THE PAST Edited by M. Sears and D. Merriman With 111 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin MARY SEARS Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA DANIEL MERRIMAN Professor Emeritus of Biology, Yale University 298 Sperry Road, Bethany, Connecticut 06525, USA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Congress on the His.tory of Oceanography. 3d, Woods Hole, Mass., 1980 Oceanography, the past. "This volume . . . represents the proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to be held at Woods Hole, Mas sachusetts, U.S.A., September 22-26, 1980." Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Oceanography-History-Congresses. I. Sears, Mary. II. Merriman, Daniel. III. Woods Hole, Mass. Oceanographic Institution. IV. Title. GC29.157 1980 551.46'009 80-16940 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. © 1980 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980 9 8 7 6 543 2 I ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8092-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8090-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8090-0 Preface This volume, "Oceanography: The Past," is the Proceedings of the Third Inter national Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, September 22-26, 1980. The Congress is a part of the year-long celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It will be followed by an Assembly, September 29 -October 2, in which invited speakers will address the question, ''Will we use the oceans wisely-the next SO years in oceanogra phy?" The papers from the Assembly will also be published by Springer-Verlag as "Oceanography: The Present and Future," a companion volume to this book. The First International Congress on the History of Oceanography was held at the Musee Ocean~graphique in Monaco, December 12-17, 1966. It coincided with the centennial of the beginning of the distinguished career of Prince Albert I as a student and patron of oceanography, for it was in 1866 that he first went to sea-on the armored frigate Tetuan of the Royal Spanish Navy. The results of this Congress were published as 57 papers in the Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanogra phique (special no. 2, vols. 1-3, pp. XLII + 807, 1968). The Second International Congress on the History of Oceanography followed in Edinburgh, September 12-20, 1972. It marked the H.M.S. Challenger Expe dition (1872-1876) centenary, and the results appeared as 87 papers published at the time of the Congress in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (section B (Biology), vols. 72 + 73, pp. xvi + 897, 1972}. During the Second Congress the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution offered to host the Third Congress in 1980, and preliminary arrangements were made VI Preface with the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science; subse quent approval was obtained from the Centre International d'Histoire de l'Ocean ographie. The Organizing Committee took form in late 1977 and was subsequent ly composed of the following members: Honorary, Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre (Monaco) and William H. Rutherford (Edinburgh); Chairman, Daniel Merriman; and Peter G. Brewer, Harold L. Burstyn, Kenneth O. Emery, Paul M. Fye, James R. Heirtzler, John L. Heyl, Charles S. Innis, Jr., Bostwick H. Ketchum, Roger R. Revelle, Susan Schlee, Mary Sears, John H. Steele, H. Burr Steinbach and Richard C. Vetter. It met in part or in whole 12 times in 1978-1980. The preliminary work was carried out almost entirely from the Chairman's home in Bethany, Connecticut. In the initial stages Daniel Merriman was fortunate in having Mrs. Arnold Pfenninger, Jr., to lend a hand. In the later phases, particularly with re spect to editorial matters, Mrs. Philip K. Bondy was an ever-present and efficient colleague. Throughout the whole endeavor Mrs. Daniel Merriman was a wise, tol erant and encouraging spirit, helpful in myriad matters. In Woods Hole, where the volume was chiefly edited and assembled, Mrs. Jane Zentz gave unstintingly of her time to provide the editors with neat copy and Mr. Charles S. Innis was most helpful in making arrangements for prompt publication. Despite the constraints of time and space, the editorial process has been a gratifying experience, in large measure owing to the general understanding and cooperation of the authors. Manuscripts were due at the end of August 1979 and they were completely edited and in the hands of the publisher by February 1, 1980. For want of time, proof reading will be done entirely by the editors who bear full responsibility for any inaccuracies or oversights. The index was com piled by Mary Sears. Because of the diversity of subject matter, it was not always possible to group the individual papers in convenient categories and their arrangement in this book follows the sequence in which they will be given at the Congress. It should also be noted that many more excellent papers were submitted than could be incor porated in the open afternoon sessions. The selection was made by a committee of seven, with each member rendering his or her individual judgment and the whole giving rise to a composite from which the contents of the Congress was re solved. It is regretted that limitations in the time available for paper presentations made such selection necessary. The morning symposia were organized in consul tation with their respective chairmen. Support for various aspects of the Congress was provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Northeast Fisheries Center of National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Summer, 1980 MARY SEARS AND DANIEL MERRIMAN Contents 1 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: A Commentary PaulM. Fye . .................................. . 1 2 The Oceanographic and How It Grew Roger Revelle . ................................. . 10 3 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: An Expanding Influence George E. R. Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 Changing Concepts of the Sea, 1550-1950: An Urban Perspective Josef w. Konvitz. . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . 32 5 The 1959 Oceanographic Congress: An Informal History Dael Wolfle : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6 The R/V Atlantis and Her First Oceanographic Institution Susan Schlee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . 49 7 Reviving American Oceanography: Frank Lillie, Wickliffe Rose and the Founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Harold L. Burstyn ............................... . 57 VIII Contents 8 Growth of an Oceanographic Institution Richard L. Haedrich and Kenneth O. Emery. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67 9 Alexander Agassiz (1835-1910) and the Financial Support of Oceanography in the United States Donald J. Zinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 10 The Annisquam Sea-side Laboratory of Alpheus Hyatt, Predecessor of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, 1880-1886 Ralph W. Dexter . ................................ 94 11 Some Aspects of Anglo-American Co-operation in Marine Science, 1660-1914 Margaret Deacon. . . . . . . .......................... 101 12 Edward H. Smith and the 1928 Marion Expedition Revisited: A Compilation V. Wendell-Driggers . .............................. 114 13 The Role ofT. Wayland Vaughan in American Oceanography Elizabeth N. Shor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 127 14 A Brief History of the Tortugas Marine Laboratory and the Department of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington Patrick L. Colin. . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 138 15 Some Aspects of the History of Oceanography as Seen through the Publications of the International Hydrographic Bureau 1919-1939 G. S. Ritchie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 148 16 The Plan for an International Oceanographic Congress Proposed by H. S. H. the Prince Albert lst of Monaco Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre . .......................... 157 17 Oceanographic Prescience: The Deliberations of the First U.S. Interagency Conference on Oceanography, July 1,1924 Stewart B. Nelson . ............................... 168 18 Some Historical Backgrounds for the Establishment of the Stazione Zoologica at Naples Jane M. Oppenheimer . ............................. 179 Contents IX 19 A Review ofWtist's Classification of the Major Deep-sea Expeditions 1873-1960 and Its Extension to Recent Oceanographic Research Programs Matthias Tomczak, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188 20 The Role of Instruments in the Development of Physical Oceanography Myrl C. Hendershott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195 21 Meso-scale Spatial Distribution of Plankton: Co-evolution of Concepts and Instrumentation Alex Herman and Trevor Platt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204 22 Some Origins and Perspectives in Deep-ocean Instrumentation Development Fred Noel Spiess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226 23 The Historical Development of Tidal Science, and the liverpool Tidal Institute D. E. Cartwright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 240 24 Six's Thermometer: A Century of Use in Oceanography Anita McConnell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 252 25 North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Observations: A History Kern E. Kenyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267 26 Some Aspects of the Historical Development on the Studies of the Kuroshio and the Oyashio Kiyomitsu Kitano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280 27 Seasonal Changes in the Suez Canal Following Its Opening in 1869; Newly Discovered Hydrographic Records of 1870-1872 Selim A. Morcos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 290 28 The First Geological-Oceanological Studies of the Black Sea (N. F. Andrusov, A. D. Arkhangel'sky, N. M. Strakhov) v. V. Tikhomirov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 306 29 The First Deep Ocean Drilling Willard Bascom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 316 x Contents 30 Geological and Oceanographical Studies in the Caspian Sea and Problems of Oil and Gas Deposits Sh. F. Mekhtiyev and Z. A. Buniat-Zade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325 31 The Development of Marine Chemistry until 1900 William 1. Wallace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 336 32 Physical Oceanography of the Chilean Sea: An Historical Study Guillermo Ba"os G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 344 33 From the Physiology of Marine Organisms to Oceanographic Physiology or Physiological Oceanography Maurice Fontaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353 34 Alexander Agassiz, Carl Chun and the Problem of the Intermediate Fauna Eric L. Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 35 The British Association Dredging Committee: A Brief History A. L. Rice and 1. B. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 373 36 Development of Knowledge of the Correlation between Land and Sea in Historical Times I. A. Fedoseyev . ................................. 386 37 A Commemoration on the 50th Anniversary of the William Beebe-Otis Barton Bathysphere Dives Kenneth Gold and Jacqueline C Warsaw. . . . . . . . . ........ 393 38 Marine Industrial Pollution Bostwick H. Ketchum . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 397 39 The History of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Marine Environment Arne Jemel6v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 414 40 Artificial Radionuclides in the Oceans William L. Templeton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 420 41 The Royal Society and the Study of Coral Reefs C. Maurice Yonge ................................ 438