Preface Angel Borja a and Michael Collins b a AZTI Foundation, Department of Oceanography and Marine Environment; Herrera Kaia, Portualdea s/n; 20110 Pasaia (Spain) b School of Ocean & Earth Science; University of Southampton; Southampton Oceanography Centre; European Way; Southampton; SO14 3ZH; UK The Bay of Biscay has been, over a considerable period of time, a somewhat neglected study area, in terms of the scientific cruises undertaken in the 91 ht and early 20 ht centuries. Only a limited number of investigations can be cited for this time (see Chapter .)1 The embayment is located in the north Atlantic, western Europe (Figure ;)1 as such, it plays an 1 I l ~ I f ~25 ,,~_~ IRELAND~/~-~/ .~../__Yv UNITED KINGDOM //! ~05 ~:~ ~ ehT Channel /.2" -] .. citleC aeS .~, ~~~../~- I l: ~ . ~ GrandeSole .... ~ - ~ NO84 .( ~ ,~~~~c~'~'t., r~ -..,~'-~'~-~ tserB ynattirB -II ~' ~ Nantes o \ FRANCE ...j 46~ yaB fo yacsiB o ~ Ferret ~ xuaedroB nairbat3raC aeS I~ E ~ eniatiuqA I ~ ~ ~ sednaLennoyaB '~ aifuroC iG "naS mnoer - oabltB (cid:12)9 Galicia Asturias airbatnaC i euqsaB yrtnuoC NO24 SPAIN - -F ........ T ........ T-- I l I I ~01 ~8 ~4 ~2 0 ~ 12~ 6~ Figure .1 The position of the Basque Country, within the context of the Bay of Biscay. The most important features are shown, such as the extensive continental shelf in France, and the Cap Breton canyon. iv AJROB DNA SNILLOC important role in influencing regional processes, taking place at mid-latitudes (see Chapters 4, 7 and .)8 The Basque Country is located in the innermost part of this bay, as a 'hinge' between the west/east-oriented rocky coast of Spain (notably the Spanish Basque Country, together with the adjacent regions of Cantabria and Asturias) and the north/south-oriented rocky (French Basque Country) and sandy coast (Aquitaine) of France (Figure ,)1 in an area that the Pyrenees reach the Atlantic Ocean. The Basque region in Spain has more than 25 coastal municipalities (Figure 2), 2 large commercial ports (Bilbao and Pasaia), 41 fishing ports and 5 marinas. Fishing activities represent %1 of the Basque GNP, with 8,000 direct jobs at sea, and over 27,000 in coastal villages. Moreover, recently, new industries, linked to marine activities (tourism, nautical sports, etc.), have increased their presence in the area. This European region has been involved in marine activities for providing to it's history fishermen, sailors and discoverers; likewise, it has created one of the world's earliest societies for the study of the oceanography (the Oceanography Society of Gipuzkoa, see Chapter ,)1 which can be compared to that of Monaco, in France, as an on-going activity. In comparison, the French Basque Country is a less industrialised area, with such activity being concentrated around the Bayonne area and its port and estuary (the Adour). Throughout this book, information available from the French Basque Country is presented (i.e. Chapters ,3 ,7 ,8 9, ,61 etc., most of them as comparison); however, the main source of the information is that from the Spanish Basque Country. Despite this interest, only minimal attention has been paid to the study of the oceanographical features in this area (Figure .)3 Following the creation of the University of the Basque Country and the Oceanography Research Service (later AZTI) (see Chapter ,)1 the past 30 years have been very 'fruitful' in terms of the enhancement of scientific knowledge of this Atlantic region. Following the institutionalisation of the 'Iberian Symposium on Marine Benthic Studies' (San Sebasti~in, 1979), and the 'International Colloquium on the Oceanography of the Bay of Biscay' (Oviedo, 1988) (Chapter ,)1 researchers have new forums to present their investigations of this particular area. Moreover, recently, several international studies and/or monographies have been focussed upon the Bay of Biscay, such as the 'France-JGOFS/Ecomarge' (Monaco et aL, 1999), 'Seas at the Millennium: an environmental evaluation' (Diez et al., 2000), 'OSPAR Quality Status Report 2000, Region 30 6 s 35 9 es r6n 11 ~1 27 CANTAB AN SEA _~1_\/4~8~= 3 , 0-~,12 ,4 aSel ~ 33 __~ ;5=1 MT 32._~~2~iartzun T\ a:/bad2nl'~-. estuary" estuary ~ 7 13 " ,o As:ua='~)~ --'~~ ~~-~" "" ~" "~'~" yrautse" [ ~ estuary Ner~nO BILBAO BizkQ'8 rovince estuary P ~Jstuarv Urola 210rla ..... 0 01 02 ) -- estuar Y estuary Urumca estua ry I I I . . . . estuary Scale )mk( /| ' ulpUZKOa province erugiF 2. Locations along the Basque coast, cited throughout the text, together with the position of the estuaries. The limits of the two Basque provinces are shown. Key: 1-Muskiz; 2-Portugalete; 3-Getxo; 4-Sopela; 5-Plentzia; 6-Gorliz; 7-Armintza; 8-Lemoiz; 9-Bakio; 10-Bermeo; l l-Mundaka; 12-Gemika; 13-Elantxobe; 14-Ea; -51 Lekeitio; 16-Ondarroa; 17-Mutriku; 18-Deba; 19-Zumaia; 20-Getaria; 21-Zarautz; 22-Orio; 23-Pasaia-24- Hondarribia; 25-Irrn; 26-Hendaia; 27-Lucero point; 28-Abra of Bilbao; 29-Galea point; 30-Matxitxako cape; 31- San Ant6n cape; 32- Mendizorrotz; 33-Momp,'is; 34-Jaizkibel cliffs, 35-Higer cape. PREFACE vii Figure .3 etilletaS )SFIWAES( image of eht sretaw a-llyhporolhc( ,snoitartnecnoc using MABAES 2CO bio- lacitpo )mhtirogla dna tnecajda land sessam colour (true egami - bands ,2 5 d)n6a of eht yaB of yacsiB 12( ts hcraM .)8991 ehT cihpargonaeco serutaef nwohs :edulcni eddy serutcurts ni eht ecafrus ;sretaw dna ecneserp eht of revir semulp AAON( ,egami dessecorp yb .Y aganimragaS .))ITZA( IV. Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast' (Ospar, 2000), and 'Omex I' (Wollast et al., 2001). Hence, the aim of this book is to establish the present level of understanding of the Basque coastal research, including the estuaries and the adjacent continental shelf; it summarises the majority of the publications, papers, unpublished reports and data, obtained throughout years, by the Basque scientists working in different institutions. The authors contributing to this book include most of the individuals involved presently in regional research activities, including all of the scientific areas. Hence, this book has been divided into seven Sections: (i) an Introductory Section, including the history of scientific research undertaken in the Basque Country (Chapter )1 and the evolution of human activities in this region (Chapter 2); (ii) a Section presenting the geography and hydrography, iiiv AJROB DNA SNILLOC including the geology (Chapter ,)3 climate (Chapter 4), land-ocean interactions (Chapter ,)5 marine dynamics (Chapter 6), and hydrography (Chapter ;)7 (iii) the third Section relates to chemical oceanography, including the study of water masses (Chapter ,)8 together with chemical and microbiological pollution (Chapters 9 and 10); (iv) the fourth Section discusses the sedimentological characteristics of the region (Chapter )11 and its pollution (Chapter 12); (v) the fifth Section focused on several biomonitoring programmes (Chapters 31 and 14); (vi) the sixth Section is centered upon the ecology of the marine communities, including phytoplankton (Chapter 15), zooplankton (Chapter 16), iehthyoplankton (Chapter 17), benthos (Chapter 18), fishes (Chapter 19), seabirds (Chapter 20), conservation of the ecosystems (Chapter 21), and the recovery of polluted areas (Chapter 22); (vii) finally, the last Section is devoted to the assessment of human impacts within the area (Chapter 23) and conclusions relating to the research undertaken in the Basque Country (Chapter 24). Throughout the book, the Basque Country has been considered as a regional area (see Figure ,)1 coveting the coasts of the French Basque Country and the Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia provinces, both in the Spanish Basque Country. The main geographical features mentioned within the text (capitals, villages, estuaries, mountains, capes, continental shelf, etc.), are shown in Figures 1 and .2 Taking into account the specificity of the Basque language, internationally-known names have been used throughout for the most important locations .e~i( Bilbao, San SebastiAn); Basque names are used for those less-known locations (i.e. Txatxarramendi, Ogeia). Many of the studies described have focused upon the estuaries, creating a problem in the denomination of these particular sites. Authors have used, and published, for example, different names for the same estuary (e.g. Mundaka, Oka, Gernika or Urdaibai estuary). Here, the criterion has been adopted to utilise the name of the fiver discharging into the estuary (e.g. hence, Oka estuary). Lastly, but by no means least, the objectives of this book are :ot disseminate the scientific knowledge on this region; to incorporate the various research teams in a closer interrelationships within the European marine research framework; and to propose a Research Agenda for the Basque coast, for the next 10-15 years. References Diez, ,.I A. Secilla, A. Santolaria and J.M. Gorostiaga, 2000. The North coast of Spain. Seas at the Millennium: an environmental evaluation, :I 135-150. Monaco, A., P.E. Biscaye and .P Laborde, 1999. France-JGOFS/ECOMARGE: particle fluxes and ecosystem response on the Northeast Atlantic continental margin: The ECOFER (l~cosystrme du canyon du Cap Ferret) experiment. Deep-Sea Research Part ,11 46(10): 1965-2344. OSPAR, 2000. OSPAR Quality Status Report 2000, Region IK Bay of Biscay and lberian Coast. OSPAR Commission, London, 431 pp. Wollast, R., .L Chou, .B Avril and .J Huthnance, 2001. Ocean margin exchange in the northern Gulf of Biscay: OMEX .I Deep-Sea Research Part II, 48(14-15): 2971-3293. stnemegdelwonkcA This book has been written by many authors, based upon their investigations and a large amount of data obtained from different studies, research projects, non-published reports (grey literature), etc. The authors and Editors acknowledge gratefully the many Institutions that have been provided data, or funding, for these studies, or participated in some of the projects: Aguas del Afiarbe, Spain AZTI Foundation, Spain Basque Government, Spain o Department of Agriculture and Fisheries o Department of the Territory Ordination and Environment o Department of Health o Department of Industry o Department of Transport and Public Works o Department of Education, Universities and Research Bilbao-Bizkaia Water Authority, Spain CEDEX (Centro de Experimentaci6n en Obras Pfblicas), Spain CNRS-INSU (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique- Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers), France Confederaci6n Hidrogr~fica del Norte, Spain Diputaci6n Foral de Bizkaia, Spain o Department of Territorial Studies o Library Diputaci6n Foral de Gipuzkoa, Spain o Department of Public Works European Commission o Research Directorate General (DGXII) o Fisheries Research Directorate (DG XIV) o DGIII Industry (ESPRIT Programme) o Interreg IIC IFREMER, France The National Institute of Meteorology, in San Sebasti~, Spain NOAA-PFEG, USA Oceanographic Society of Gipuzkoa, Spain Port Authority of Bilbao, Spain Port Authority of Bordeaux, France Spanish Government o Ministry of Education and Science o Ministry of Science and Technology x STNEMEGDELWONKCA o Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Spanish Institute of Oceanography (lEO) University of the Basque Country, Spain University of Bordeaux, France Moreover, the text has been improved considerably, following the kind revision of each of the Chapters by a panel of intemationally-recognised experts on each of the subject areas. Thus, the Editors would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the scientists in the following listing: Alcaraz, M., Institut ed Ciencies del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain (Chapter :61 Zooplankton communities). Attrill, M.J., University of Plymouth, UK (Chapter :22 Recovery of benthic communities, in polluted systems). Bao, R., Universidade da Corufia, Spain (Chapter :2 Human activities along the Basque coast during the last centuries). Beliaeff, ,.B Ifremer, Nantes, France (Chapter :31 Biomonitoring of heavy metals and organic compounds, at the tissue-organism level). Catherine, M., Ifremer, Nantes, France (Chapter :01 Microbiological quality). Cendrero, ,.O Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander, Spain (Chapter :1 Marine research in the Basque Country: an historical review and Chapter :91 Fisheries, exploited species and estuaries). Chiffoleau, J.F., Ifremer, France (Chapter :9 Contaminants in the waters). Claisse, D., Ifremer, Nantes, France (Chapter :31 Biomonitoring of heavy metals and organic compounds, at the tissue-organism level). Collins, M., SOES, SOC, UK (Chapter :1 Marine research in the Basque Country: an historical review). Croudace, ,.I SOES, SOC, UK (Chapter "2 Human activities along the Basque coast during the last centuries). Davison, M., Environmental Agency, UK (Chapter :22 Recovery of benthic communities, in polluted systems). D'Elbde, ,.J LAPHY, Biarritz, France (Chapter :12 Biodiversity and conservation). Dias, A., Unidade ed Ciencias e Tecnologias dos Recursos Aquaticos, University of the Algarve, Portugal (Chapter :11 Main sedimentological characteristics). Diaz-Pab6n, ,.R Subdirectora General de Programas Especiales e Investigaci6n Climatol6gica, Spain (Chapter :4 Climate and meteorology). Essink, K., RIKZ, The Netherlands (Chapter :81 Benthic communities). Evans, ,.G SOES, COS United Kingdom (Chapter "3 Geology, geomorphology and sediments; and Chapter :11 Main sedimentological characteristics). STNEMEGDELWONKCA ix ,zedni~meF E., University of Vigo, Spain (Chapter :51 Bacterioplankton and phytoplankton communities). Fraga, .F Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo; Spain (Chapter "7 Hydrography and Chapter :8 Main characteristics of the water masses). Harris, R., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK (Chapter :61 Zooplankton communities). Hylland, K., Norwegian Institute for Water Research; NIVA; Oslo; Norway (Chapter :41 Biomonitoring of environmental pollution by metals and organic compounds in the Basque Coast, using cellular and molecular biomarkers). Joint, I., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK (Chapter :51 Bacterioplankton and phytoplankton communities). Kowalewska, ,.G Department of Marine Pollution, Oceanological Institute, Sopot, Poland (Chapter :21 Contaminants in sediments). Lrautr, J.-P., IFREMER, France (Chapter :91 Fisheries, exploited species and estuaries). MacManus, J., School of Oceanography and Geosciences, University of .tS Andrews, UK (Chapter :5 Interactions between land and ocean). Milliman, J.D., School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, USA (Chapter :5 Interactions between land and ocean). Nichols, J., retired from CEFAS, UK (Chapter :71 Ichthyoplankton). Palomera, I., Instimt ed Ciencies del Mar, CSIC; Barcelona, Spain (Chapter :71 Ichthyoplankton). Parra, ,.S IEO, La Corufia, Spain (Chapter :81 Benthic communities). Prrez, Fiz .F Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo; Spain (Chapter :7 Hydrography). Pommepuy, M., Ifremer, Brest, France (Chapter :01 Microbiological quality). Regoli, F., Instituto di Biologia e Genetica, Universit~ degli Studi di Ancona, Italy (Chapter :41 Biomonitoring of environmental pollution by metals and organic compounds in the Basque Coast, using cellular and molecular biomarkers). Rios, A.F., Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo; Spain (Chapter :8 Main characteristics of the water masses). Ruiz Mufioz, ,.F Universidad de Huelva, Departamento ed acimi~nidoeG y Paleontologia; Spain (Chapter :3 Geology, geomorphology and sediments). S~nchez-Arcilla, A., Laboratorio de Ingenieria Maritima, UPC, Barcelona, Spain (Chapter :6 Marine dynamics). Soulier, ,.L Musre ed la Mer, Biarritz, France (Chapter :12 Biodiversity and conservation). Stive, M.J.F. Section of Hydraulic Engineering Chair: Coastal Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands (Chapter :6 Marine dynamics). Tasker, M., Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Scotland (Chapter :02 Seabirds). iix STNEMEGDELWONKCA Telleria, J.L., Departamento de Biologia Animal I (Zoologia), Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Chapter :02 Seabirds). Wilson, J., Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland (Chapter :21 Contaminants in sediments). Zorita, E., Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany (Chapter 4: Climate and meteorology). Our most sincere thanks are extended also to the sampling and laboratory teams of AZTI (Pasaia and Sukarrieta); the many grant holders and scientists of AZTI, who have contributed in the collation of data, Figures or Tables. Similarly, the support staff from AZTI (particularly, Alaitz Lizaso) and SOES (SOC) (Emma Bennett and Kate Davis) for typing/correcting several of the Chapters and re&awing some of the Figures. We are also grateful to the following colleagues of the UPV/EHU: J.A. Gonz~ilez Oreja, .J Urkiaga Alberdi, A. Santolaria, A. Secilla, M. Bustamante and .J Tajadura, who helped in many ways in the completion of the Chapter 22; and M. Balerdi, .I Zuberogoitia, J. Zuberogoitia, A. Bermejo and R. Saiz, who helped in the completion of the Chapter 20. Finally, we are grateful to various publishers and Institutions, for permission to use their Figures and Plates. Pasaia, Spain legn.h, Borja and Michael Collins July, 2003 ACRONYMS AABW: Antarctic Bottom Water CUFES: Continuous Underwater Fish Eggs AC: After Christ Sampler ACE: Advisory Committee on Ecosystems (ICES) CZCS: Coastal Zone Color Scanner ACFM: Advisory Committee of Fisheries :++nM-BAD Diaminobenzidine-manganese Management (ICES) DBT: Dibutyltin AchE: Acetylcholinesterase DDT: Dichloro Difenil Trichloroetane AES: Analytical and Environmental Services (UK) DEPM: Daily Egg Production Method AET: Apparent Effect Threshold DIN: Dissolved inorganic nitrogen AGLIA: Association du Grand Littoral Atlantique DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon (France) DSOW: Denmark Strait Overflow Water AMBI: AZTI's Marine Biotic Index DW: Dry Weight ANOVA: Analysis of Variance DWW: Domestic waste water AOX: AcyI-CoA oxidase EA: East Atlantic Index AVHRR: Advanced Very High Resolution EAC: Ecotoxicological Assessment Criteria Radiometer EC: European Commission AZTI: Arrantzatzuarekiko Zientzi eta Teknoloji ECS: European Cetacean Society lkerketa (Spain) EEA: European Environmental Agency BC: Biotic Coefficient EEC: European Economic Community BCR: Bureau of Certification and Reference EF: Enrichment Factor BI: Biotic Index EHU: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (Spain) BOE: Boletin Oficial del Estado (Spain) EHWS: Extreme High Water Spring tide BOPV: Boletin Oficial del Pais Vasco (Spain) ELH: Early Life History BP: Before present ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay BPH: Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxilase ELWS: Extreme Low Water Spring tide BSD: Black Silver Deposit ENACW: Eastern-North Atlantic Central Water CAO: Dissolved oxygen corrected by the organic ENSO: El Nifio-Southern Oscillation carbon to carbonate oxidation and by alkalinity EOC: Elemental Organic Carbon changes EOF: Empirical Orthogonal Function CCA: Canonical Correspondence Analysis EP: Equilibrium Partitioning CEDEX: Centro de Experimentaci6n en Obras EPA: Environmental Protection Agency Prblicas (Spain) ER-L: Effect Range-Low CEFAS: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and ER-M: Effect Range-Median Aquaculture Science (UK) ESPRIT: Information Technologies Programme of CITES: Convention on International Trade in the EU Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora EU: European Union C/N: Carbon/Nitrogen ratio EVE: Ente Vasco de la Energia (Spain) CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche F A: Factor Analysis Scientifique (France) FAIR: Fisheries and Agriculture Research COADS : Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Programme of the EU Set FAR: Fisheries and Agriculture Research CPR: Continuous Plankton Recorder Programme of the EU CREMA: Centre de Recherche sur les sem~ffsysocE FAZ: Foraminiferal assemblage zones Marines et Aquacoles (France) FC: Faecal Coliforms CSIC: Centro Superior de Investigaciones FCI: Flesh Condition Index Cientificas (Spain) FE: Faecal Enterococci CTD: Conductivity, Temperature, Depth FEM: Finite element method xiv ACRONYMS GESAMP: Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific LSC: Lysosomal structural changes Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (UN) LSW: Labrador Sea Water GKSS: German Institute for Coastal Research MAE: Mean absolute error GLOBEC: Global Change and Ecosystems MAST: Marine Science and Technology GNP: Gross national product MCN: Multiple Opening Closing Net GPS: Global Positioning System MDR: Mean Diverticular Radius GRT: Gross Registered Tonnage MERIS: Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer HCB: Hexachlorobencene Instrument HCH: Hexahlorociclohexane MET: Mean Epithelial Thickness HD: High river Discharge MEU: Marine Environmental Units HP: Horse Power MLR: Mean Luminal Radius HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography MNHN: Mus6e National d'Histoire Naturelle ICCAT: International Council for the Conservation (France) of Atlantic Tuna MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging ICES: International Council for the Exploration of Spectroradiometer the Sea MOPT: Ministerio de Obras P6blicas y Transportes ICONA: lnstituto para la Conservaci6n de la (Spain) Naturaleza (Spain) MORENA: Multidisciplinary Oceanographic lEO: Instituto Espafiol de Oceanografia (Spain) Research in the Eastern Boundary of the North IFREMER: Institut Frangais pour l'Exploitation de Atlantic la Mer (France) MT: Metallothioneins IGBP: International Geosphere-Biosphere MW: Mediterranean Water Programme NACW: North Atlantic Central Water IGME: Instituto Geol6gico y Minero Espafiol NADW: North Atlantic Deep Water (Spain) NAFO: North Atlantic Fisheries Organisation IGY: International Geophysical Year NAO: North Atlantic Oscillation Index IIQ : Integrative Index of Quality NCAR: National Center for Atmospheric Research IMA : Institut des Milieux Aquatiques (France) )ASU( IMEDEA: Instituto MediterrAneo de Estudios :CCN rebmuN of seinoloC detnuoC Avanzados (Spain) :PECN National sretneC rof latnemnorivnE INSUB: Sociedad Cultural de Investigaciones Prediction (USA) Submarinas (Spain) NCP: Net Community Production IOC: lntergovernmental Oceanographic NEAM: North-East Atlantic Mackerel Commission NIVA: Norwegian Institute for Water Research IPCC: International Program on Climate Change NHW: Normal High Water tide IR: Ingestion ratio NLW: Normal Low Water tide ISOW: Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water NMFS: National Marine Fisheries Service (USA) ISTPM: Institut Scientifique pour les Travaux de la NO: Dissolved oxygen corrected by the organic P~che Maritime nitrogen to nitrate oxidation IUCN: International Union for Conservation of NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmosphere Nature and Natural Resources Administration (USA) IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied NPA: Natural Protected Areas Chemistry NR: Neutral Red IWW: Industrial waste water NS&T: National Status and Trends JGOFS: Joint Global Ocean Flux Study NSW: Norwegian Sea Water JNCC: Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK) NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units JORF: Journal Officiel de la R6publique Frangaise OCP: Organo Chlorine Pesticides K/T: Cretaceous-Tertiary Limit OM: Organic Matter LCHF: Laboratoire Central d'Hydraulique de OMEX: Ocean Margin Exchange France OR0: Oil Red 0 LHPR: Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder OSPAR: Oslo-Paris Convention LMS: Lysosomal membrane stability PAH: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons LOI: Loss of Ignition PAR: Photosynthetically Active Radiation LPI: Load Pollution Index PCA: Principal Component Analysis LQM: Littoral water quality monitoring and control PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls network PEL: Probable Effect Level