OCCUPIED LIVES Maintaining lntegrity in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in the West Bank /, Nina Gren The American University in Cairo Press Cairo New York l \ To all the Dheishehans, past and present, who shared their experience of flight and loss with me Photographs by Nina Gren (2003-2004) First published in 2015 by The American University in Cairo Press 113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt 420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10 018 www.aucpress.com Copyright© 2015 by Nina Gren Ali rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Exclusive distribution outside Egypt and North America by I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 6 Salem Road, London, W2 4BU Dar el Kutub No. 13825/14 ISBN 978 977 41 6 695 2 Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gren, Nina Occupied Lives: Maintaining lntegrity in a Palestine Refuge Camp in the West Bank/ Nina Gren.-Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press,2 015 p. cm. ISBN 978 977 41 6 695 2 1. Refugees-Palestinian Arab-Middle East 2. Refugee Camps . 3. Social Science---Anthropology-Cultural 305.906 914 1 2 3 4 5 1918171615 DPsigned by Ad.im el-Sehemy l'rintPd in Fgypl Contents Preface 1x Acknowledgments xtn Maps xvi Chronology of Events xix Introduction 1 Focus and Purpose 4 lking Camp Refugees under Violent Occupation 5 lntegrity and Constrained Agency 8 Why a Focus on Everyday Life? 10 'Normality' in a Violent and Prolonged Refugee Situation 11 Social Continuity: New Homes and Reestablished Family Lines 15 A Moral Crisis on Repeat 16 1) oing Fieldwork in Dheisheh 20 ( )verview of Chapters 29 1. Dheisheh as a Social and Political Space 31 The Or<ler ofThings in Dheisheh 32 The Bethlehem Area 36 The Dynamics ofLingering Villages 38 Varlier Political Affiliations and Activism in Dheisheh 42 Political Disengagement at the Time of Fieldwork 51 ( :onduding Remarks 58 l 1 vii 2. Living with Violence and lnsecurity 61 Experiencing Ongoing Crisis 62 The Presence of Extraordinary Deaths 69 Extending the Limits ofNormality 80 \ Remaining Patient and Hopeful 92 Preface N egotiating Trust 102 Concluding Remarks 114 Il 3. The Making of New Homes 117 To Build a House Is to Make a Life 118 Imprisonment Delaying Life 127 Children as Normality, Resistance, and Recovery 130 Reframing Home to a Political Stage 135 Getting by Together 141 his book is based on ethnographie research in the Palestinian refu- gee camp Dheisheh, in the West Bank. It explores how the Israeli Concluding Remarks 146 Toccupation and the political developments during the al-Aqsa Inti- fada came to impact on the camp residents' everyday lives. 4. Reconstituting a Moral Order 147 I like to think of my engagement in the research that led to this book A Chain of Catastrophic Events 148 as being of three kinds: academic, political, and personal. First of all, this The Camp as a Moral Community 150 book is the result of my anthropological interest in understanding everyday Palestinian Moral Superiority and the Immoral Others 157 lives in violent and war-like contexts and what it means to be a refugee. Moral Contamination 164 Despite all the particularities of the Palestinian issue, Dheishehans' pre- A Shaken Political Morality 171 dicament resonates with other people's lives in similar conditions. The frequently used concept 'the Israeli-Palestinian conflict' is however more Concluding Remarks 185 confusing than revealing. Although it is possible and sometimes useful to understand the relations between Israelis and Palestinians as a traditional Conclusion 187 conflict between two national projects or as a regional conflict that involves Maintaining Integrity in the Face ofViolation 188 not only Palestinians and Israelis but also Arab and Western countries that Struggling against Temporariness 189 wish to influence the Middle East, it is clear that those understandings hide Having a Life or Being a True Patriot? 190 important dimensions of reality and confuse many analyses. The asymmetry How May One Remain a Political Subject? 191 of power between Israelis and Palestinians is striking, as Israel remains an Existence and Politics 193 occupying power and the Palestinian territories a quasi-independent unit, lacking statehood. It is increasingly difficult to ignore the colonial aspects of the Israeli occupation and Israel's character as a settler community or Notes 195 cven an apartheid-like state (for example, Abdo and Yuval-Davis 1995; References 205 Krctzmer 2002; Ron 2003; Carter 2006). One point of departure for this Index 219 book is thus that the power imbalance between Israel and the Palestinians dccply influences Palestinians' mundane routines in violent surroundings to a much larger extent than it impact'>o n Israeli everyday life. ix Academically, I am wntmg against common and simplified views about the situation, seeing the reality in Israel/Palestine was a staggering of Palestinian refugees as either 'terrorists' or mere 'victims,' and I am experience because the injustices were so huge and obvious. At the same instead presenting them as social agents who have choices and aspi- time, the beauty of the West Bank landscape was breathtaking and the rations, although within limiting conditions. I have thus taken into kindness of the Palestinians I met overwhelming. With time, I of course account the profound power asymmetry between Israelis and Palestin- developed a more critical view of Palestinian society. ians, but without assuming that this asymmetry renders the dominated Continuing my studies as part of a doctoral program with a year of party passive or disabled. The way in which camp residents carry on fieldwork in Dheisheh was not an obvious decision, since the al-Aqsa Inti- with life in all its ordinariness despite the extreme conditions around fada was underway. After some discussion with my supervisor and other them may seem provocative for some; these lives do not fit easily into informed academics in Sweden and the West Bank, I decided to give it the simplifying discourses and media representations that highlight Pal- a try, still uncertain if it would be possible to finish my work. I am so estinian militancy, heroism, or suffering. Dheishehans' lives are marked happy and grateful that I managed. For many anthropologists, intense by ambivalence and constraints, but also by creativity in finding ways to fieldwork can be personally transformative, as we frequently use ourselves deal with their predicament. as methodological tools. lt proved transformative also for me. Although Those scholarly interests are no doubt bound up with a political I was often under strain because of the violence around me and on a few stance. It is important for me that my research is not only an academic occasions frightened, I felt and I still feel that, apart from learning about contribution but also of value in more pragmatic political and societal Dheisheh, I learned much about myself during that year. I cried a lot debates. I think especially of the impact of the Palestinian flight in 1948 because of the suffering around me, but I also grew with the difficulties and of the extensive and long-term violence carried out by Israel since the and had a surprising amount of fun at cimes. The stubbornness, solidarity, beginning of its occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. I hope that this and sociability of Dheishehans taught me a lot about how I want to live book will further the understanding of the huge effects of Israeli abuses my own life. I have rarely felt as 'seen' and acknowledged as I did during such as displacements, extrajudicial killings, incarceration, and torture on that year. As this book demonstrates, Dheishehans are experts at support- Palestinian society. In addition, the refugee issue remains a wound among ing each other, as well as foreign researchers. Palestinians that needs to be dealt with seriously in several dimensions. I My involvement with Dheisheh has continued. I have visited the area am convinced that a just and long-term solution to the Israeli-Palestinian numerous cimes over the last decade. I have to admit that I occasionally conflict can only be reached by engaging with those two issues. get tired of Dheishehans. Their intense social relations and their frank- I have often been asked why I spent so many years doing research on ness (often commenting on things I consider none of their business) but Palestinian refugees. I do not have a Palestinian or Je wish background, mostly their occasional despair and hopelessness can be difficult to bear. for instance. There is no simple answer to that question; many important Nonetheless, they are the most trustworthy and warm-hearted people I decisions in life seem to be taken for multiple reasons. In hindsight, I know. Among Dheishehans, I know I have some really good friends. think that some contacts and friendships I had with newly arrived refu- gees in Sweden during the 1990s influenced me to ponder what it means to have experienced political violence and flight. I fell in love with Palestine in the summer of 2000 when, as a Master's student in social anthropology, I was awarded a grant for three months of fieldwork on Palestinian women's political participation. Before that, Pal- estinians and the occupied terri tories were part of the news I followed and a university course I took. Even earlier, Palestine was on the Biblical map hanging on the wall during my first years in school and was constantly referred to by my religious schoolteacher in the village where I grew up. Although I thought I had clone my homework by reading extensively Pr.a-'sra Preface xi Acknowledgments his book was a long time in the making. The number of individu- als and institutes that offered me support over the years has thus Tgrown significant. I began the fieldwork for the book as part of my PhD project at the Department of Social Anthropology at the Univer- sity of Gothenburg-a department that later merged into the School of Global Studies along with several other departments and subjects. After completing my dissertation, I taught and was involved in several research and collaborative projects at the School of Global Studies. I first want to thank my colleagues, co-workers, and students there. A number of them have commented on chapters, lectures, and presentations related to this research. Special thanks are due to my former supervisor Marita East- mond and to Kaj Ârhem, Helena Lindholm Schulz, and Alexandra Kent, who read and commented on early versions of the dissertation. The com- panionship and moral support of fellow PhD students was invaluable at the time. In particular, I want to thank Cecilia Bergstedt, Maria Eugenia ( ;onzalez, Mikael Johansson, Maria Malmstrôm, and Kristina Nassén. The questions and comments of Rosemary Sayigh, American University of Beirut, during my PhD defense encouraged me to attempt to publish a book based on my doctoral research. More recently, an enthusiastic read- ing by Gudrun Dahl, University of Stockholm, gave me another push in the same direction. I also want to thank the Swedish Emergency Management Agency (Kdsberedskapsmyndighetena)n d the Swedish International Development ( :oopcration Agency (Sida/SAREC), which provided the main funding for my research. The Lars Hierta Memorial Foundation, the University of ( ;othcnburg, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in xiii Research and Higher Education (STINT), and the Swedish Research Insti- for being curious about their aunt's passion for travel and for Palestine. tute in Istanbul (SRID contributed generously from their funds to cover Lots of thanks to my husband Morten Berg for his English-language fieldwork expenses and travel costs for conferences and research visits. proofreading skills, continuous support of the projects I am involved in, The project followed me to my postdoctoral fellowship at the Depart- and, most importantly, love. With you, I truly feel at home. ment of Anthropology at the University of Copenhagen, as well as to a Last but most importantly, I want to direct my warmest thoughts and research project based at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund thanks to my interlocutors and friends in Dheisheh whose names I am University. Those two departments have in different ways corne to not free to reveal. I will never forget, and I am afraid I will never be able influence my work and my thinking. I am grateful to be among such great to return, all the help, friendliness, generosity, and encouragement the scholars and colleagues. In particular, I am thankful to Tamta Khalvashi camp residents offered me. I remain grateful that many of you are still for many conversations and laughs about anthropology as well as ex-pat part of my life despite the geographical distance and the messiness of our life in Copenhagen. existences. I sincerely hope that I have done justice to your experiences During fieldwork, Palestinian friends in Bethlehem and J erusalem, and thoughts. Any misinterpretation is of course my own. whose names I have decided not to disclose, backed me up: Alf shukr!W ith- out my two local field assistants, this work would definitely not have been carried out. I am tremendously grateful for all your efforts. Many thanks are due to Karin Hallin for welcoming me to her home inJerusalem whenever I needed a place to stay, so: whenever I needed a place to stay in the West Bank. A hug is due to Alice J araiseh for her warmth as well as her reflections on being Swedish-Palestinian. Norma Masriyeh Hazboun, Bethlehem University, has been a good friend and supportive colleague: thanks! I have also deeply valued my discussions with Sharif Kanaana, Birzeit University, over the years. He never hesitates to share his knowledge on Palestinian society and culture. I continue to appreciate the generous dialogue and friendship with Maya Rosenfeld, Hebrew University. I feel lucky to be publishing this book with the American University in Cairn (AUC) Press. Thanks are due both to Nadia Naqib of AUC Press and to the two anonymous reviewers of my manuscript, who provided me with many insightful comments and constructive suggestions. I owe thanks to many friends and to my family. Special thanks to L. for introducing me to his relatives and for lots of good advice, kindness, and Palestinian food! I am also blessed with friends who stand by me even when we do not have the possibility of meeting up regularly. Thanks to Fia, Sara, Camilla,Jannie, Line, Palle,Jens,Angeliqa, Kina, Karin, and Hanna-Sofia. Two more recent friends whose lives and engagements are also bound up with Palestine should be mentioned: thanks to Nicole and Rana! Among my family members, I am in particular obliged to my mother BeritAxels- son for visiting me during my fieldwork, to my father Stig Axelsson for his solid belief in my abilities, to my brother Daniel Axelsson for all his practical help, and to my brother Pelle Axelsson for our discussions about resistance and civil disobedience. A hug to Tim and Milo Axelsson Ojeda 1 _ _._1 _____ ..__ Acknowledgments XV I1 ◄ 0 .r([!: ). ~ .r:. C: © ~.·.• ·. · .·~.·,. ·L.•\·(·' <;Ji!n· L·)' C,:S CO '-0'i a.·-·. .,~ .·;i~:.~:.' :..• .: • .,. 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AaMnhcadcapo r trohsdnehso o tPwi,n ai nOl1egc9s t9totihn5bei.ea rnE W aA6ec,uhs t 1h z9Bo9rnai5teny) k. i ndd(iFvicirdaoetmeds a i anm tsoap pet hcbriefyiec t hzdeoi vnliserisoa nea lsi o nof eupwtloisnwpeeadrp ebirne tYwheh edOni soltIo s rael a 81w:/,) i :('d !.~.~I~.2\Di i { j·[ ' fo- "l• <il.1 .-Ce!J!!)l . i} \ .J. ' • ; ·.,. JM8NE.. .s . _.,rEr(>~Q.(:ol,._ , d O ◄ 1 x .....•.".." \~ (u(!) 'E0- - '!'". 0 ~ Chronology of Events 194 7 The British Cabinet refers the question of the future of Mandate Palestine to the United Nations (UN). UN General Assembly Resolution 1H I proposes the partition of Palestine into aJewish state and a Palestinian st a te. 'l 'his plan is accepted by J ewish leaders but not by the Palestinians. 1948 Great Britain ends its mandate in Palestine. Israel declares inde- pl'ndence, while Arab states declare war against Israel. Israel wins the war and gains control of 77 percent of Palestine. Jordan holds the West llank, and Egypt the Gaza Strip, whileJerusalem becomes a divided city. /00,00-H00,000 Palestinian are displaced and are not allowed to return to t heir homes. These events corne to be known as the Nakba (the Catas- t rc, phe). UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (III) orders Israel to allow rq1atriation of the refugees and to financially compensate them for lost property. Israel refuses return and initiates "an anti-repatriation policy." 1949-56 At least 2,700 Palestinian 'infiltrators' are killed for crossing the ar111isticcl ines, by the Israeli army or police or civilians. 1' )49 1) heisheh refugee camp is founded on a hillside outside Bethlehem liy the Red Cross and other charitable organizations to accommoda te des- t it II t l' refug-cesw ith a peasant background. The United Nations Relief and W,1rksA gency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is estab- lishl·d and later takes responsibility for Dheisheh and other refugee camps. 1956-57 The Suez War begins when Israel, with support from France a11dB ritain, attacks Fgypt. xix 1959 Fatah is founded by Yasser Arafat and others. 1979 Begin and Sadat sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. 1964 The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is established by sev- 1980 Islamic Jihad, a Palestinian splinter from the Muslim Brotherhood, eral Arab states. is formed. 1965 Fatah's first guerrilla attack on Israel. 1982 Israel invades Lebanon. Palestinian and Lebanese civilians are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in Beirut by Christian 1967 The June (Six Day) War begins after Israel attacks Egypt. Israel then l ,ebanese Phalangists while Israeli forces surround the camps. Sinai is occupies the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Sinai, and the Syrian Golan Heights returned to Egypt. The PLO is forced to leave Lebanon for Tunisia. and annexes East Jerusalem. About 300,000 Palestinians flee their homes. UN Security Council Resolution 242 demands the withdrawal of Israeli 1987-94 The first Palestinian intifada (uprising) against the Israeli occu- troops from the newly occupied territories. The occupation is followed by pation erupts in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. an Israeli decision to implement a policy of "Open Bridges," which means that the infrastructure and economy in the occupied terri tories are integrated 1988 Hamas is founded and soon becomes the main Palestinian Islamist with Israeli networks and structures. The roads remain open between Israel movement. and the occupied territories. Israel also imposes a military administration. 1991 An international Arab-Israeli peace conference is held in Madrid. 1967 The Leftist party, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) is founded. 1993 Israel and the PLO sign the Oslo Declaration of Principles (the ( )slo Accords) on interim self-government arrangements. 1968 Israel begins building settlements in the occupied territories. 1994 The Cairo agreement on the implementation of the Oslo Accords 1969 Yasser Arafat becomes chairman of the PLO. and the Paris agreement on extensive economic collaboration between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA) are signed. The PLO assumes 1970 War erupts between J ordanian military forces and Palestinian militias. rnntrol of theJericho area in the West Bank and the Gaza Stripe.AJewish The Jordanian army commits massacres of Palestinians (known as Black scttler kills praying Palestinians in Hebron. The first Palestinian suicide September). The PLO is expelled fromJordan and relocates to Lebanon. homber, who is sent by Hamas, avenges the Hebron killings. 1973 The October (Yom Kippur) War starts between Egyptian, Syrian, and 1995 Israel leaves six West Bank towns, Bethlehem among them. The Israeli forces, when Egypt tries to get back the land it lost to Israel in 1967. ( >slo II Accords establish three types of areas in the West Bank: Area A is 11nderd irect Palestinian control; Area Bis distinguished by Palestinian 1974 The PLO reformulates its goal to that of a Palestinian state in the l'ivil contrai and Israeli military control; and Area C remains under full West Bank and Gaza only, and the Arab League declares the PLO the lsradi contrai. Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated by an sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. Gush Emunim, a 11lrta nationalist Israeli. radical settler movement in the West Bank, is founded. 1996 'l 'hc first Palestinian elections for president and parliament result in 1974 The PLO obtains observer status in the United Nations. Fatah's and Arafat's victory. 1978 Israeli prime minster Menachem Begin, Egyptian president Anwar 199H The PLO renounces anti-Israeli clauses in its charter. Sadat, and U.S. presidentJimmy Carter sign the Camp David Accords. XX Chronology of Events Chronology of Events xxi