GlobAl GlobAl edITIon edITIon eG dl ITo IobA nl occupational Safety o Fc For these Global editions, the editorial team at Pearson has o rc Tu collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range e cp and Health h a of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible n ot li learning tools. This Global edition preserves the cutting-edge approach oo g in s and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, tsa , l For Technologists, Engineers, and Managers E and adaptation from the north American version. nS ga i nf ee e rt eIGHTH edITIon sy , a a n dn Md a H n a ge ea r sl t h e I G H T H e d I T I o n G o e t s c h This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without david l. Goetsch the approval of the Publisher or Author. Pearson Global Edition Goetsch_1292061995_mech.indd 1 12/06/14 8:53 AM A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 1 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... OccupatiOnal Safety and HealtH for technologists, engineers, and Managers A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 2 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... This page is intentionally left blank. A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 3 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... OccupatiOnal Safety and HealtH for technologists, engineers, and Managers eighth edition Global edition David L. Goetsch Vice-President Emeritus and Professor Northwest Florida State College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paolo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 4 23/06/14 6:21 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... Editorial Director: Vernon R. Anthony Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent Senior Acquisitions Editor: Lindsey Gill Editorial Assistant: Nancy Kesterson Director of Marketing: David Gesell Senior Marketing Coordinator: Alicia Wozniak Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Program Manager: Maren L. Beckman Project Manager: Janet Portisch Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Vrinda Malik Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Uttaran Das Gupta Procurement Specialist: Deidra M. Skahill Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Senior Art Director: Diane Ernsberger Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Cover Image: © Luiz Rocha/Shutterstock Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Lackey Media Director: Leslie Brado Lead Media Project Manager: April Cleland Full-Service Project Management: Jogender Taneja, Aptara®, Inc. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM 20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of David L. Goetsch to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Occupational Safety and Health: For Technologists, Engineers, and Managers, 8th edition, ISBN 978-0-133-48417-5, by David L. Goetsch, published by Pearson Education © 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-06199-5 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06199-3 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06216-7 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 Typeset by Aptara®, Inc. in Melior 10 pt. Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America. A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 5 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... preface Background The field of occupational safety and health has undergone significant change over the past three decades. There are many reasons for this. Some of the more prominent rea- sons include the following: technological changes that have introduced new hazards in the workplace; proliferation of health and safety legislation and corresponding regulations; increased pressure from regulatory agencies; realization by executives that workers in a safe and healthy workplace are typically more productive; health care and workers’ com- pensation cost increases; increased pressure from environmental groups and the public; a growing interest in ethics and corporate responsibility; professionalization of health and safety occupations; increased pressure from labor organizations and employees in general; rapidly mounting costs associated with product safety and other types of litigation; and increasing incidents of workplace violence. All of these factors, when combined, have made the job of the modern safety and health professional more challenging and more important than it has ever been. These factors have also created a need for an up-to-date book on workplace safety and health that contains the latest information needed by people who will practice this profession in an age of global competition and rapid technological change. Why Was This Book WriTTen and for Whom? This book was written to fulfill the need for an up-to-date, practical teaching resource that focuses on the needs of modern safety and health professionals practicing in the workplace. It is intended for use in universities, colleges, community colleges, and corporate training settings that offer programs, courses, workshops, and seminars in occupational safety and health. Educators in such disciplines as industrial technology, manufacturing technology, industrial engineering, engineering technology, occupational safety, management, and su- pervision will find this book both valuable and easy to use. The direct, straightforward presentation of material focuses on making the theories and principles of occupational safety and health practical and useful in a real-world setting. Up-to-date research has been integrated throughout in a down-to-earth manner. organizaTion of The Book The text contains 31 chapters organized into 5 parts, each focusing on a major area of con- cern for modern safety and health professionals. The chapters are presented in an order that is compatible with the typical organization of a college-level safety and health course. A standard chapter format is used throughout the book. Each chapter begins with a list of major topics and ends with a comprehensive summary. Following the summary, most chapters include review questions, key terms and concepts, and endnotes. Within each chapter are case studies to promote classroom discussion, as well as at least one safety fact or myth. These materials are provided to encourage review, stimulate additional thought, and provide opportunities for applying what has been learned. supplemenTs To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor access code. Go to www.pearsonglobaledition.com/Goetsch to register for an instructor access code. Within 48 hours of registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail includ- ing an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, locate your text in the 5 A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 6 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... 6 Preface online catalog and click on the Instructor Resources button on the left side of the catalog product page. Select a supplement, and a login page will appear. Once you have logged in, you can access instructor material for all Pearson textbooks. If you have any difficul- ties accessing the site or downloading a supplement, please contact Customer Service at http://247pearsoned.custhelp.com/. hoW This Book differs from oThers This book was written because in the age of global competition, safety and health in the workplace have changed drastically. Many issues, concerns, and factors relating specifi- cally to modern workplace environments have been given more attention, greater depth of coverage, and more illumination here than other textbooks. Some of the areas receiving more attention and specific occupational examples include: ■ The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ■ Standards and codes ■ Laws and liability ■ Stress-related problems ■ Life safety and fire hazards ■ The evolving roles of health and safety professionals ■ Health and safety training ■ Human factors in safety ■ Environmental issues and ISO 14000 standards ■ Computers, robots, and automation ■ Ethics and safety ■ Bloodborne pathogens in the workplace ■ MRSA in the workplace ■ Product safety and liability ■ Ergonomics and safety ■ The relationship between safety and quality ■ Workplace violence ■ Workers’ compensation ■ Repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) ■ Terrorism threats in the workplace ■ Safety-first corporate culture ■ Off-the-job safety neW To This ediTion The eighth edition of Occupational Safety and Health is a major revision encompassing new regulations, revised regulations, and other new and updated material of importance to students of occupational safety and health. Specifically, the following revisions were made in the eighth edition: ■ Chapter 1: New section covering the Return on Investment (ROI) in safety and health management was added as was a new example case about a factory fire in Bangladesh. ■ Chapter 2: The section Death Rates by Industry was updated. ■ Chapter 3: New material was added on Heinrich’s theory and corrective action and on the limitations of event-chain accident causation theories. A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 7 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... Preface 7 ■ Chapter 6: This chapter was re-written to reflect changes to OSHA standards that have occurred since the seventh edition. Revisions made include a re-write of: OSHA’s mission; coverage of federal, state, and local government personnel; how OSHA standards are developed; workplace inspection priorities; OSHA’s whistleblower pro- gram; OSHA’s severe violator enforcement program; OSHA assistance, services, and programs; and the section on OSHA’s Maritime Standard. In addition, a new section on OSHA’s stand on safety incentives was added. ■ Chapter 7: Added material clarifying explaining when employees covered by Work- ers’ Compensation can and cannot sue. ■ Chapter 8: Added new material on the what and why of workplace accidents, the lat- est version of OSHA’s Form 301, the team approach to accident investigations, how to add perspective to accident scene photographs, and how to follow-up an accident investigation. ■ Chapter 10: Added new material on the repeal of OSHA’s short-lived Ergonomic Pro- gram Standard and updated the statistics on the extent of MSDs and CTDs. ■ Chapter 14: Added new material on minimum general requirements for machine safe- guards. Added a new section titled “Permanent Electrical Safety Devices in Lockout/ Tagout Programs.” ■ Chapter 15: Added new material on the new ANSI/NFSI B101.1 Standard for measuring wet SCOF traction, OSHA’s Fall Protection Standard, and head protection (rating of hard hats). Added a new section titled “OSHA’s Fall Protection Standard for Construction.” ■ Chapter 16: Added material on PPE for cold work environments. ■ Chapter 18: Updated and expanded the “Electrical Hazards Self-Assessment.” Added a new section titled “Permanent Electrical Safety Devices.” ■ Chapter 19: Added new material on flammable and combustible liquids. ■ Chapter 20: Updated OSHA’s Process Safety Management Guidelines and the section on Material Safety Data Sheets or MSDS (now Safety Data Sheets or SDS) and Global Harmonization of Hazard Communication (GHS). Added a new list of standards for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) investigations and new sections titled “ASTM D7338: Guide for the Assessment of Fungal Growth in Buildings,” “OSHA’s Chemical Process Standard,” “Environment Protection Agency (EPA) Risk Management Program,” “Haz- ardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA),” “OSHA Confined Space Standard,” and “Nanoscale Materials and Industrial Hygiene.” ■ Chapter 22: Added new material on fit testing and a new section titled “Future of Hearing Conservation: Noise Reduction Rating.” aBouT The auThor David L. Goetsch is Vice-President Emeritus of Northwest Florida State College and pro- fessor of safety, quality, and environmental management. In addition, Dr. Goetsch is president and CEO of the Institute for Organizational Excellence (IOE), a private con- sulting firm dedicated to the continual improvement of organizational competitiveness, safety, and quality. Dr. Goetsch is cofounder of The Quality Institute, a partnership of the University of West Florida, Northwest Florida State College, and the Okaloosa Economic Development Council. A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 8 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... 8 Preface acknoWledgmenTs The author acknowledges the invaluable assistance of the following people in developing this book: Dr. Lissa Galbraith, Florida A&M/Florida State University, for the material she contributed on electrical and fire hazards in the first edition; Harvey Martin, health and safety manager of Metric Systems Corporation in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, for providing up-to-date research material; and the following reviewers for their invaluable input: Steven A. Freeman—Iowa State University; JoDell K. Steuver—Purdue University; and Ottis E. Walizer—Minot State University. Special acknowledgment goes to Larry D. Leiman for his contributions in updating all OSHA standards. Pearson would like to thank and acknowledge the following persons for their contributions to the Global Edition: Contributors: Mohd Saidin Misnan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor; and Vipin Sharma Reviewers: Tushar Kant Joshi, director of occupational medical program, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi; Arvind Kumar, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela; B. Suresh, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka. A01_GOET1993_08_GE_FM.indd Page 9 17/05/14 2:26 PM user /205/PH01353_GE/9781292061993_GOETSCH/GOETSCH_OCCUPATIONAL_SAFETY_AND_HEALTH_FOR_ ... inTroducTion safeTy versus healTh The title of this book intentionally includes the words safety and health. Throughout the text, the titles “safety and health professional” and “safety and health manager” are used. This, too, is done by design. This approach underscores the point that the field of occu- pational safety has been broadened to encompass both safety and health. Consequently, managers, technical personnel, and engineers in this field must be knowledgeable about safety and health and be prepared to oversee a corporate program that encompasses both areas of responsibility. Safety and health, although closely related, are not the same. One view is that safety is concerned with injury-causing situations, whereas health is concerned with disease- causing conditions. Another view is that safety is concerned with hazards to humans that result from sudden severe conditions; health deals with adverse reactions to exposure to dangerous, but less intense, hazards. Both of these views are generally accurate in portray- ing the difference between safety and health. However, the line between these two con- cepts is not always clearly marked. For example, on the one hand, stress is a hazard that can cause both psychological and physiological problems over a prolonged period. In this case, it is a health concern. On the other hand, an overly stressed worker may be more prone to unintentionally forget safety precautions and thus may cause an accident. In this case, stress is a safety concern. Because managers in this evolving profession are likely to be responsible for safety and health, it is important that they have a broad academic background covering both. This book attempts to provide that background. This broadening of the scope of the profession does not mean that specialists in safety and health are not still needed. They are. Chapter 4 shows how today’s safety and health manager is a generalist who often heads a team of specialists such as safety engineers, health physicists, industrial hygienists, occupational nurses, occupational physicians, and risk managers. In order to manage a team of specialists in these various areas, safety and health managers must have the broad and comprehensive background that this book provides. 9