PRINCIPLES APPLICATIONS AND ENGINEERING SERIES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS Engineering and Administrative Controls PRINCIPLES APPLICATIONS AND ENGINEERING SERIES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS Engineering and Administrative Controls EDITED BY Waldemar Karwowski University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky William S.Marras The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” This material was previously published in The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook. © CRC Press LLC 1999. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Occupational ergonomics: engineering and administrative controls/edited by Walidemar Karwowski, William S.Marras. p. cm.—(Principles and applications in engineering; 14) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1800-9 1. Human engineering. 2. Musculoskeletal system—Wounds and injuries—Prevention. 3. Industrial hygiene. I. Karwowski, Waldemar. II. Marras, William S. (William Steven), 1952- III. Series. TA166.O257 2003 620.8'2—dc21 2002041399 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for thevalidity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. 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Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2003 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1800-9 Library of Congress Card Number 2002041399 ISBN 0-203-50793-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-58848-7 (Adobe eReader Format) The Editors Waldemar Karwowski, Ph.D., P.E., C.P.E., is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Director of the Center for Industrial Ergonomics at the University of Louisville, Kentucky. He holds an M.S. (1978) in production management from Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland, and a Ph.D. (1982) in Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University. His research, teaching, and consulting activities focus on prevention of low back injury and cumulative trauma disorders, human and safety aspects of advanced manufacturing, fuzzy sets and systems, and theoretical aspects of ergonomics. Dr. Karwowski served as President (2000–2003) of the International Ergonomics Association. He is editor of many international journals, including Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, and Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, and consulting editor of Ergonomics. He is the author or co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, including 25 books. Dr. Karwowski is founder and chairman of the International Conference on Human Aspects of Advanced Manufacturing and Hybrid Automation. He was the recipient of the Outstanding Young Engineer of the Year Award, given by the Institute of Industrial Engineering. He was also a Fulbright Scholar at Tampere University of Technology in Finland. He received the President’s Award for Outstanding Scholarship, Research, and Creative Activity in the category of Basic and Applied Science at the University of Louisville. William S.Marras, Ph.D., C.P.E., holds the Honda Endowed Chair in Transportation in the Department of Industrial, Welding, and Systems Engineering at The Ohio State University, Columbus. He is also the director of the biodynamics laboratory and holds appointments in the departments of physical medicine and biomedical engineering. Professor Marras is also the co- director of the Ohio State University Institute for Ergonomics. Dr. Marras received his Ph.D. in bioengineering and ergonomics from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. His research centers around biomechanical epidemiologic studies, laboratory biomechanic studies, mathematical modeling, and clinical studies of the back and wrist. His findings have been published in more than 100 refereed journal articles and 12 book chapters, and he holds two patents, including one for the lumbar motion monitor (LMM). His work has also attracted national and international recognition. He has won the prestigious Swedish Volvo Award for Low Back Pain Research and Austria’s Vienna Award for Physical Medicine. v Contributors Elsayed Abdel-Moty Patrick G.Dempsey Tarek M.Khalil Department of Industrial Liberty Mutual Research Department of Industrial Engineering Center for Safety and Health Engineering University of Miami Hopkinton, Massachusetts University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida Coral Gables, Florida Bradley Evanoff W.Gary Allread School of Medicine Jung-Yong Kim The Ohio State University Washington University Department of Industrial Columbus, Ohio St. Louis, Missouri Engineering Hanyang University Charles K.Anderson Paul Gaddie Ansan, Korea Advanced Ergonomics, Inc. University of Louisville Dallas, Texas Louisville, Kentucky Stephan Konz Department of IMSE Gunnar B.J.Andersson Katharyn A.Grant Kansas State University Department of Orthopedic Robert A.Taft Laboratories National Institute for Manhattan, Kansas Surgery Occupational Safety and St. Luke’s Medical Center Health Steven A.Lavender Chicago, Illinois Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Orthopedic Surgery Michele C.Battié Thomas Hales St. Luke’s Medical Center Department of Orthopaedics National Institute for Chicago, Illinois University of Washington Occupational Safety and Seattle, Washington Health Wook Gee Lee Patricia Bertsche Cincinnati, Ohio University of Louisville The Ohio State University Louisville, Kentucky Simon M.Hsiang Columbus, Ohio Liberty Mutual Research Chris J.Main Center for Safety and Health Ram Bishu Department of Behavioural Hopkinton, Massachusetts IMSE Department Medicine University of Nebraska Hope Hospital Renliu Jang Lincoln, Nebraska Salford, England University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky A.Kim Burton Richard W.Marklin Department of Clinical Department of Mechanical and Waldemar Karwowski Biomechanics Industrial Engineering Department of Industrial Huddersfield Polytechnic Marquette University Engineering Huddersfield, England University of Louisville Milwaukee, Wisconsin Louisville, Kentucky Don B.Chaffin William S.Marras Center for Ergonomics Glenda L.Key ISE Department University of Michigan Key Functional Assessments The Ohio State University Ann Arbor, Michigan Minneapolis, Minnesota Columbus, Ohio vii Stuart M.McGill Malcolm H.Pope Renee Steele-Rosomoff University of Waterloo Department of Orthopaedic Comprehensive Pain and Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Surgery Rehabilitation Center Iowa Spine Research Center University of Miami Raymond M.McGorry University of Iowa Coral Gables, Florida Iowa City, Iowa Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl Hopkinton, Massachusetts Vern Putz-Anderson École Polytechnique Applied Psychology and Montreal, Quebec, Canada Ergonomics Donald R.McIntyre National Institute for Interlogics Carolyn M.Sommerich Occupational Safety and Hillsborough, North Carolina ISE Department Health The Ohio State University Cincinnati, Ohio Stephen J.Morrissey Columbus, Ohio State of Oregon Robert G.Radwin OSHA Leon M.Straker Department of Industrial Portland, Oregon Curtin University of Engineering Technology University of Wisconsin A.Muralidhar Shenton Park, Australia Madison, Wisconsin University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Carol Stuart-Buttle David Rempel Stuart-Buttle Ergonomics University of California Robert W.Norman San Francisco, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Kinesiology University of Waterloo Valerie J.Rice Eira Viikari-Juntura Waterloo, Ontario, Canada U.S. Army Research Institute of Department of Physiology Environmental Medicine Finnish Institute of Ewa Nowak Occupational Physiology Occupational Health Department of Ergonomics Division Topeliuksenkatu, Finland Research Natick, Massachusetts Institute of Industrial Design Thomas R.Waters Warsaw, Poland Richard G.Ried National Institute for The Ohio State University Occupational Mohamad Parnianpour Columbus, Ohio Safety and Health Department of ISE Cincinnati, Ohio The Ohio State University Stephen N.Robinovitch Columbus, Ohio San Francisco General Hospital Richard Wells San Francisco, California Department of Kinesiology University of Waterloo Hubert L.Rosomoff Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Comprehensive Pain and Rehabilitation Center University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida Contents Preface xiii PART I MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS SECTION I Disorders of the Extremities 1 Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Disorders Bradley Evanoff and David Rempel 1-1 2 Integrated Analysis of Upper Extremity Disorders Richard Wells 2-1 3 Biomechanical Aspects of CTDs Richard W.Marklin 3-1 4 Occupational Risk Factors for Shoulder Disorders Eira Viikari-Juntura 4-1 5 Hand Tools: Design and Evaluation Robert G.Radwin 5-1 6 Gloves Ram Bishu and A.Muralidhar 6-1 7 Industrial Mats Jung-Yong Kim 7-1 8 Ergonomic Principles Applied to the Prevention of Injuries to the Lower Extremity Steven A.Lavender and Gunnar B.J.Andersson 8-1 9 Ergonomics of the Foot Stephan Konz 9-1 SECTION II Low Back Disorders 10 Epidemiology of Back Pain in Industry Gunnar B.J.Andersson 10-1 11 Static Biomechanical Modeling in Manual Lifting Don B.Chaffin 11-1 ix