Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease Edited by Lynn K. Thomas Jennifer Bohnstadt Othersen Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120215 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4950-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Jennifer Othersen Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Editors................................................................................................................................................xi Contributors....................................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Brief.History.of.Kidney.Disease...................................................................................1 Lynn K. Thomas Chapter 2 Renal.Physiology.........................................................................................................15 L. Britt Wilson Chapter 3 Electrolyte.and.Acid–Base.Disorders.........................................................................31 Malcolm L. Buford and Charles J. Foulks Chapter 4 Acute.Kidney.Injury....................................................................................................55 Pranay Kathuria and Anand Khurana Chapter 5 Nephrotic.Syndrome...................................................................................................73 Tai-Gen Cui, Joseph Janicki, and Taixing Cui Chapter 6 Current.Techniques.for.Dialysis..................................................................................81 Jennifer Othersen Chapter 7 Nutrition.Care.Process:.Screening.and.Assessment...................................................93 Claire Moise and Lynn K. Thomas Chapter 8 Nutrition.for.Chronic.Kidney.Disease,.Stages.1–3...................................................109 Kim S. Stote Chapter 9 Nutrition.for.Chronic.Kidney.Disease,.Stage.4........................................................123 Ann Grothe Chapter 10 Nutrition.for.Chronic.Kidney.Disease,.Stage.5........................................................135 Lesley McPhatter Chapter 11 Nutrition.for.Children.and.Adolescents.with.Chronic.Kidney.Disease....................149 Peggy Solan vii viii Contents Chapter 12 Pregnancy.and.Kidney.Disease.................................................................................163 Jeannine C. Lawrence Chapter 13 Obesity.and.Physical.Activity...................................................................................171 Tanis Vye Mihalynuk Chapter 14 Chronic.Kidney.Disease.and.Mineral.and.Bone.Disorder.Management..................185 C.J. Parris and Beth Parris Chapter 15 Diabetes.Management...............................................................................................197 Fran Kittell Chapter 16 Anemia.Management................................................................................................213 Emily Dill McDonald Chapter 17 Enteral.and.Parenteral.Nutritional.Support...............................................................231 Kyle Thompson and Lynn K. Thomas Chapter 18 Nutrition.in.Kidney.Transplantation.........................................................................245 Nicole Armellino-Nitti and Tamara Karosanidze Chapter 19 Establishing.Quality.Improvement.Parameters........................................................263 Lynn K. Thomas Chapter 20 Counseling.Strategies................................................................................................279 Matthew Orr Preface Kidney.disease.is.a.global.health.concern..It.has.been.classified.into.many.stages.and.affects.people. of.all.ages.and.races..It.can.be.acute.or.chronic..The.National.Kidney.Foundation.Disease.Outcomes. Quality. Initiative. (NKF. KDOQI)™. and. the. Kidney. Disease:. Improving. Global. Outcomes. (KDIGO)™.Foundation.have.done.an.outstanding.job.of.outlining.the.many.facets.of.the.disease. and.describing.the.parameters.for.adequate.care.of.patients.with.kidney.disease..This.book.builds. on.those.guidelines.in.the.area.of.nutrition.therapy. Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease.begins.with.a.chapter.on.the.history.of.the.dis- ease,.which.documents.some.of.the.early.treatments.for.kidney.disease..The.next.several.chapters. cover.physiology,.imbalance.of.electrolytes,.acute.kidney.injury,.and.the.techniques.of.dialysis.. There.are.additional.chapters.on.special.populations.and.the.unique.concerns.associated.with.end- stage.disease.and.chapters.on.quality.improvement.programs.and.counseling.strategies..Most.of.all,. this.book.provides.an.expansive.discussion.on.optimal.nutritional.management,.which.can.improve. the.quality.of.life.of.people.with.kidney.disease. This.book.would.not.have.been.possible.without.the.contribution.of.experts.from.many.differ- ent.professions.who.devoted.their.time.and.effort.freely.to.construct.chapters.that.are.timely.and. practical.and.also.provided.guidance.regarding.the.stages.of.kidney.disease.and.the.accompanying. dietary.restrictions..We,.the.editors,.are.forever.grateful.for.their.contributions. Lynn K. Thomas University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina Jennifer Othersen WJB Dorn VA Medical Center Columbia, South Carolina ix