1 NUTRITION IN PEDIATRICS BASIC SCIENCE • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS FIFTH EDITION Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH Editor in Chief Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Director, Center for Nutrition Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Boston Children’s Hospital Professor in the Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts John B. Watkins, MD Emeritus Associate Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Berthold Koletzko, MD, PhD Head, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital University of Munich Medical Centre München, Germany W. Allan Walker, MD Conrad Taff Professor of Nutrition Director, Division of Nutrition Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Member, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, Massachusetts 2016 PEOPLE’S MEDICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE—USA SHELTON, CONNECTICUT 2 People’s Medical Publishing House-USA 2 Enterprise Drive, Suite 509 Shelton, CT 06484 Tel: 203-402-0646 Fax: 203-402-0854 E-mail: [email protected] © 2016 Christopher Duggan, John B. Watkins, Berthold Koletzko, W. Allan Walker All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. 16 17 18 19/PMPH/9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13    978-1-60795-180-3 ISBN-10    1-60795-180-0 eISBN-13  978-1-60795-273-2 Printed in the China by People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH). Editor: Linda Mehta; Copyeditor/Typesetter: diacriTech; Cover designer: Allison Dibble Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Duggan, Christopher (Christopher P.), editor. | Watkins, John B., 1938-, editor. | Koletzko, B. (Berthold), editor. | Walker, W. Allan, editor. Title: Nutrition in pediatrics : basic science, clinical applications / [edited by] Christopher Duggan, John B. Watkins, Berthold Koletzko, W. Allan Walker. Other titles: Nutrition in pediatrics (Walker) Description: Fifth edition. | Shelton, Connecticut : People’s Medical Publishing House-USA, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016006518 (print) | LCCN 2016007253 (ebook) | ISBN 9781607951803 | ISBN 1607951800 | ISBN 9781607952732 (eISBN) | ISBN 9781607952732 () Subjects: | MESH: Child Nutrition Disorders | Child Nutritional Physiological 3 Phenomena | Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | Infant Nutrition Disorders | Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Classification: LCC RJ53.D53 (print) | LCC RJ53.D53 (ebook) | NLM WS 115 | DDC 615.8/54083—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016006518 Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord with the accepted standard and practice at the time of publication. However, since research and regulation constantly change clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended doses, warnings, and contraindications. This is particularly important with new or infrequently used drugs. Any treatment regimen, particularly one involving medication, involves inherent risk that must be weighed on a case-by- case basis against the benefits anticipated. The reader is cautioned that the purpose of this book is to inform and enlighten; the information contained herein is not intended as, and should not be employed as, a substitute for individual diagnosis and treatment. 4 Sales and Distribution Canada Login Canada 300 Saulteaux Cr. Winnipeg, MB R3J 3T2 Phone: 1.800.665.1148 Fax: 1.800.665.0103 www.lb.ca Foreign Rights John Scott & Company International Publisher’s Agency P.O. 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Ltd. 4838, 24 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi-110002, India Phone: +91 11 23272143 Fax: +91 11 23276490 www.jaypeebrothers.com People’s Republic of China People’s Medical Publishing House International Trade Department No. 19, Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li Chaoyang District Beijing 100021, P.R. China Tel: 8610-67653342 Fax: 8610-67691034 www.pmph.com/en 6 DEDICATIONS To the continued successful growth and nourishment of Michael, Brendan, and Emily Duggan and in gratitude for many teachers and students in the field of pediatric nutrition. —Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH To the children, parents, and staff of the growth and nutrition program whose shared knowledge, caring, and expertise enriches us all and to our grandchildren: Mariposa, Charlotte, Lillie, Gwen, and their “Pinkhouse” partners in “Friendship.” —John B. Watkins, MD To a wonderful group of teachers, colleagues, and friends that I have been privileged to work with and to learn from, and to my family, especially my wife Sibylle, for all their patience and support. —Berthold Koletzko, MD, PhD To my youngest grandchild William McDonald Walker (Mac), the paradigm of healthy nutrition in children. —W. Allan Walker, MD 7 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE PART I: GENERAL CONCEPTS CHAPTER 1 Nutrition: The Driving Force for Health, Disease Prevention, and Development Robert D. Baker and Susan S. Baker CHAPTER 2 Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status Babette S. Zemel, Asim Maqbool, and Irene E. Olsen CHAPTER 3 Laboratory Assessment of Nutritional Status Clodagh M. Loughrey and Ian S. Young CHAPTER 4 Body Composition and Growth Kenneth J. Ellis CHAPTER 5 Carbohydrates Clemens Kunz, Lena Geiger, and Christoph Fusch CHAPTER 6 Proteins and Amino Acids Johannes B. van Goudoever CHAPTER 7 Macronutrient Requirements for Growth: Fats and Fatty Acids Kathrin Krohn, Hans Demmelmair, and Berthold Koletzko CHAPTER 8 Trace Elements Nancy F. Krebs and K. Michael Hambidge CHAPTER 9 Iron Amina Khambalia, Ashley Aimone, and Stanley H. Zlotkin CHAPTER 10 Vitamins Roland Kupka and Eduardo Villamor CHAPTER 11 Dietary Reference Intakes in the United States Alice H. Lichtenstein and Stephen R. Daniels CHAPTER 12 Functional Food Ingredients: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Nutraceuticals, and Phytochemicals Mandana Amir Shaghaghi, Peter J.H. Jones, and Philip M. Sherman PART II: PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 13 Energy Requirements in Health and Disease Jean Louis Bresson CHAPTER 14 Severe Acute Malnutrition: Pathophysiology, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment Mary E. Penny CHAPTER 15 Childhood Malnutrition: Prevention and Control at the National Level Gerardo Weisstaub, Ana María Aguilar, Magdalena Araya, Ann Hill, and Ricardo Uauy CHAPTER 16 Community Nutrition and Its Impact on Children: Highly Industrialized Countries Johanna Dwyer, Kristy Hendricks, Janice H.Y. Chow, and Melanie Reyes CHAPTER 17 Nutritional Epidemiology Carine M. Lenders, Emily Keefe, and Walter C. Willett CHAPTER 18 Drug Therapy and the Role of Nutrition Kathleen M. Gura and Lingtak-Neander Chan PART III: PERINATAL NUTRITION CHAPTER 19 Nutrition and Gene Expression Mona Bajaj-Elliott and Ian R. Sanderson CHAPTER 20 Nutrition and Epigenetics Sang-Woon Choi and Simonetta Friso CHAPTER 21 Nutrition and the Humoral Regulation of Growth William E. Russell and J. Marc Rhoads CHAPTER 22 Gastrointestinal Development: Implications for Infant Feeding Josef Neu, Martha Douglas-Escobar, and Sandra Fucile CHAPTER 23 Diet, Environment, and Gut Microbiota in the Metagenomic Era Carlotta De Filippo and Paolo Lionetti CHAPTER 24 Nutrition and Neuropsychological Development Maureen M. Black and Kristen M. Hurley CHAPTER 25 Maternal Nutrition and Pregnancy Outcome 8 Theresa O. Scholl and Xinhua Chen CHAPTER 26 Human Growth and Disease in Later Life David J.P. Barker CHAPTER 27 Nutrition and Development of the Fetus: Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism William W. Hay, Jr., Laura D. Brown, Stephanie R. Wesolowski, and Paul J. Rozance CHAPTER 28 Amino Acid Nutrition in Utero: Placental Function and Metabolism Timothy R.H. Regnault and Frederick C. Battaglia CHAPTER 29 Human Milk: Nutritional Properties Marcia H. Monaco and Sharon M. Donovan CHAPTER 30 Protective Properties of Human Milk and Bacterial Colonization of the Neonatal Gut Anne Donnet-Hughes, Eduardo J. Schiffrin, and W. Allan Walker CHAPTER 31 Approach to Breastfeeding Robert M. Lawrence and Ruth A. Lawrence CHAPTER 32 The Low-Birthweight Infant: Inpatient Care Thibault Senterre and Alexandre Lapillonne CHAPTER 33 Nutritional Management of Preterm Infants Post-Discharge Mandy Brown Belfort CHAPTER 34 The Term Infant Ekhard E. Ziegler and Susan J. Carlson CHAPTER 35 Complementary Feeding and Health Outcomes Mary S. Fewtrell PART IV: OBESITY CHAPTER 36 Energy and Substrate Regulation in Obesity Daniel J. Hoffman and Susan B. Roberts CHAPTER 37 Evaluation and Management of Childhood Obesity Alison G. Hoppin and Janey S. Pratt CHAPTER 38 The Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents Martin Wabitsch CHAPTER 39 Childhood Obesity Prevention John J. Reilly and Adrienne H. Hughes PART V: NUTRITION IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES CHAPTER 40 The Nutrition Transition and Global Child Health Benjamin Caballero CHAPTER 41 Infant and Young Child Feeding in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Souheila Abbeddou and Kenneth H. Brown CHAPTER 42 Child Nutrition and Economic Development William A. Masters CHAPTER 43 Global Interventions in Child Health Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta and Jai K. Das CHAPTER 44 Pediatric HIV Infection Colleen Hadigan and Anna Coutsoudis CHAPTER 45 Obesity in Developing Economies Sumathi Swaminathan and Anura Kurpad PART VI: NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF SPECIFIC DISEASE STATES CHAPTER 46 Feeding Difficulties Peter B. Sullivan CHAPTER 47 Failure-to-Thrive: Growth Failure in the Outpatient Setting Jennifer A. Woo Baidal and Susanna Y. Huh CHAPTER 48 Developmental Disabilities Kelly A. Dougherty and Babette S. Zemel CHAPTER 49 Inborn Errors of Metabolism and the Liver Charles P. Venditti and Gerard T. Berry CHAPTER 50 Inborn Errors of Fasting Adaptation—Glycogen Storage Disease David A. Weinstein and Katalin M. Ross CHAPTER 51 Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease: Nutrition in Renal Disease Nancy M. Rodig CHAPTER 52 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Francesca Penagini and Rob Heuschkel CHAPTER 53 Celiac Disease Dascha C. Weir and Ciaran P. Kelly 9 CHAPTER 54 Food Allergies Julie Wang, Jennifer M. Maloney, and Hugh A. Sampson CHAPTER 55 Exocrine Pancreas Kevin Gaskin and Karen Blumenthal CHAPTER 56 Acute and Chronic Liver Disease Deirdre A. Kelly, Susan Protheroe, and Sara Clarke CHAPTER 57 Cancer Prevention A. Lindsay Frazier CHAPTER 58 Cancer Treatment Lori J. Bechard and Christopher Duggan CHAPTER 59 Diabetes Mellitus Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, Sanjeev Mehta, Maryanne Quinn, and Karen Y. Warman CHAPTER 60 Diarrheal Diseases Kerri Gosselin and Christopher Duggan CHAPTER 61 Intestinal Failure, Short Bowel Syndrome, and Intestinal Transplantation Daniel Kamin CHAPTER 62 The Critically Ill Child Eric A. Sparks, Jeremy G. Fisher, Faraz A. Khan, Nilesh M. Mehta, and Tom Jaksic CHAPTER 63 Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease Sarah D. de Ferranti CHAPTER 64 Diet and Dental Disease Rosalyn Sulyanto and James H. Shaw CHAPTER 65 Adolescent Eating Disorders Kendrin R. Sonneville and Alison E. Field CHAPTER 66 Adolescence: Advancing Bone Health Keith J. Loud and Catherine M. Gordon PART VII: APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT CHAPTER 67 Enteral Nutrition and Formulas Zoë McCallum and Julie E. Bines CHAPTER 68 Parenteral Nutrition Corina Hartman, Arie Riskin, and Raanan Shamir CHAPTER 69 Nutrition in the Athlete Kathryn E. Ackerman and Madhusmita Misra CHAPTER 70 Special Diets Sharon Evans, Tracey Johnson, Katharina Dokoupil, and Anita MacDonald CHAPTER 71 Nutrition Support Teams Virginie Colomb and Cécile Lambe APPENDICES APPENDIX I Nutritional Assessment Melanie V. Connolly APPENDIX II Nutritional Requirements Melanie V. Connolly APPENDIX III Enteral Products Melanie V. Connolly INDEX 10