World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics Editor: B. Koletzko Vol. 110 Nutritional Care of Preterm Infants Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines Editors B. Koletzko B. Poindexter R. Uauy Nutrition for the Primary Care Provider Supported by an unrestricted educational grant from the Nestlé Nutrition Institute. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics Vol. 111 Series Editor Berthold Koletzko Munich Nutrition for the Primary Care Provider Volume Editor Dennis M. Bier Houston, Tex. Co-Editors Jim Mann Dunedin David H. Alpers St. Louis, Mo. H.H. Este Vorster Potchesfstroom Michael J. Gibney Dublin 20 figures, 8 in color and 50 tables, 2015 Basel • Freiburg • Paris • London • New York • Chennai • New Delhi • Bangkok • Beijing • Shanghai • Tokyo • Kuala Lumpur • Singapore • Sydney Dennis M. Bier Jim Mann H.H. Este Vorster USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Medicine and Human Nutrition Faculty of Health Sciences Research Center University of Otago Centre of Excellence for Nutrition Baylor College of Medicine PO Box 56 North-West University 1100 Bates Street Dunedin 9054 (New Zealand) Potchefstroom 2531 (South Africa) Houston, TX 77030-2600 (USA) David H. Alpers Michael J. Gibney Washington University School of School of Agriculture and Food Medicine Science 660 S. Euclid Ave. University College Dublin St. Louis, MO 63110 (USA) Science Centre – South Belfield Dublin 4 (Ireland) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nutrition for the primary care provider / volume editor, Dennis M. Bier ; co-editors, Jim Mann, David H. Alpers, H.H. Este Vorster, Michael J. Gibney. p. ; cm. -- (World review of nutrition and dietetics, ISSN 1660-2242 ; vol. 111) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-318-02666-5 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02667-2 (e-book) I. Bier, Dennis M., editor. II. Mann, Jim, editor. III. Alpers, David H., editor. IV. Vorster, H. H., editor. V. Gibney, Michael J., editor. VI. Series: World review of nutrition and dietetics ; v. 111. 0084-2230 [DNLM: 1. Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. 2. Physicians, Primary Care. 3. Nutrition Policy. 4. Nutrition Therapy. W1 WO898 v.111 2014 / QU 145] RM216 615.8‘54--dc23 2014030004 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and PubMed/MEDLINE. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their eff ectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every eff ort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © Copyright 2015 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck, Ettlingen ISSN 1660–2242 e-ISSN 1662–2898 ISBN 978–3–318–02666–5 e-ISBN 978–3–318–02667–2 Contents VII List of Contributors XI Foreword Nutrition for Health 1 Evidence-Based Approach to Inform Clinical Nutrition Practice Chung, M. (Boston, Mass.); Lau, J. (Providence, R.I.) 7 Nutrient Adequacy Vorster, H.H. (Potchefstroom) 13 Energy Balance and Body Composition Schoeller, D.A. (Madison, Wisc.); Thomas, D. (Montclair, N.J.) 19 Appetite: Measurement and Management Mattes, R.D. (West Lafayette, Ind.) 24 Macronutrients: Requirements and Distribution Mann, J. (Dunedin) 30 Water-Soluble Vitamins Said, H.M. (Long Beach, Calif.) 38 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Johnson, E.J.; Mohn, E.S. (Boston, Mass.) 45 Minerals and Trace Elements Fairweather-Tait, S.J. (Norwich); Cashman, K. (Cork) 53 Vegetarian Diets Barr, S.I. (Vancouver, B.C.) 58 Dietary Supplements Coates, P.M.; Thomas, P.R. (Bethesda, Md.) Nutrition for Special Circumstances 64 Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation Kruger, H.S. (Potchefstroom); Butte, N.F. (Houston, Tex.) 71 Exercise and Sports Maughan, R.J. (Loughborough); Shirreffs, S.M. (Brentford) 76 Food Allergy and Food Intolerance Leung, J. (Boston, Mass.); Crowe, S.E. (San Diego, Calif.) 82 Religion and Culture Vorster, H.H. (Potchefstroom) Nutrition for Disease States 87 Approach to the Patient and Differential Diagnosis Hoffer, L.J. (Montreal, Que.); Bistrian, B.R. (Boston, Mass.) 94 Cardiovascular Disease Risérus, U. (Uppsala) 100 Hypertension McLean, R.M. (Dunedin) 104 Obesity Gibson, A.A.; Sim, K.A.; Caterson, I.D. (Sydney, N.S.W.) 110 Diabetes Mellitus Mann, J. (Dunedin) 116 Obesity, Diabetes and the Asian Phenotype Bhardwaj, S.; Misra, A. (New Delhi) 123 Cancer Prevention and Treatment Key, T. (Oxford) 130 Nutritional Management in HIV/AIDS Infection van Graan, A.E. (Potchefstroom) 136 Osteoporosis Adeel, S.; Tangpricha, V. (Atlanta, Ga.) 141 Nutrition Support in Gastrointestinal Disease Scolapio, J.S.; Smith, D.J. (Jacksonville, Fla.) 146 Liver Diseases Obert, J.; Cave, M.; Marsano, L. (Louisville, Ky.) 151 Neurological Disorders Kumar, N. (Rochester, Minn.) 164 Anemias due to Essential Nutrient Deficiencies Stabler, S.P. (Aurora, Colo.) 169 Anorexia Nervosa Marzola, E. (Turin); Kaye, W.H. (San Diego, Calif.) Food Policy 174 Global Food Policy and Sustainability Drewnowski, A. (Seattle, Wash.) 179 Undernutrition in the Developing World Vorster, H.H. (Potchefstroom) 186 The Changing Landscape of Malnutrition: Why It Matters Salam, R.A. (Karachi); Bhutta, Z.A. (Karachi/Toronto, Ont.) 193 Food Preparation, Processing, Labeling and Safety Hanekom, S.M. (Potchefstroom) 198 The Food Industry and Consumer Nutrition and Health Barclay, D. (Vevey); Haschke, F. (Salzburg) 205 Author Index 206 Subject Index List of Contributors Saira Adeel Bruce R. Bistrian Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids Clinical Nutrition Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Emory University School of Medicine 1 Deaconess Road 101 Woodruff Circle, NE-WMRB1301 Boston, MA 02215 (USA) Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA) E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected] Nancy F. Butte Denis Barclay USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center Nestec SA Department of Pediatrics Avenue Nestlé 55 Baylor College of Medicine CH–1800 Vevey (Switzerland) 1100 Bates Street E-Mail [email protected] Houston, TX 77030-2600 (USA) E-Mail [email protected] Susan I. Barr Food, Nutrition & Health Kevin D. Cashman The University of British Columbia School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and 2205 East Mall Department of Medicine Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 (Canada) Room 242, Food Science Building E-Mail [email protected] Cork (Ireland) E-Mail [email protected] Swati Bhardwaj Nutrition and Fatty Acid Research Ian D. Caterson National Diabetes, Obesity and The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC) and Eating Disorders D 16/8, 2nd Floor, Ardee City, Sector 52 The University of Sydney Gurgaon, Haryana, 122011 (India) Medical Foundation Bldg (K25) E-Mail [email protected] 92–94 Parramatta Road Camperdown, NSW 2050 (Australia) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta E-Mail [email protected] Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health Aga Khan University Matt Cave Stadium Road University of Louisville and Robley Rex VAMC PO Box 3500 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR512 Karachi 74800 (Pakistan ) Louisville, KY 40202 (USA) E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected] Mei Chung Ferdinand Haschke Nutrition/Infection Unit Department of Pediatrics Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Paracelsus Medical University School of Medicine Müllner Hauptstrasse 48 Tufts University AT–5020 Salzburg (Austria) 136 Harrison Avenue, M&V Wing 1st Floor E-Mail [email protected] Boston, MA 02111 (USA) E-Mail [email protected] L. John Hoffer Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Sheila E. Crowe Jewish General Hospital Division of Gastroenterology 3755 Cote-Ste.-Catherine Road Department of Medicine Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 (Canada) University of California at San Diego E-Mail [email protected] 9500 Gilman Drive #0063 La Jolla, CA 92093-0063 (USA) Elizabeth J. Johnson E-Mail [email protected] Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging Tufts University Paul M. Coates 711 Washington Street Office of Dietary Supplements Boston, MA 02111 (USA) National Institutes of Health E-Mail [email protected] 6100 Executive Boulevard Room 3B01, MSC 7517 Walter H. Kaye Bethesda, MD 20892-7517 (USA) UCSD Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Program E-Mail [email protected] UCSD Department of Psychiatry Chancellor Park Adam Drewnowski 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315 Center for Public Health Nutrition San Diego, CA 92121 (USA) University of Washington E-Mail [email protected] 355 Raitt Hall #353410 Seattle, WA 98195-3410 (USA) Timothy Key E-Mail [email protected] Cancer Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health Susan J. Fairweather-Tait University of Oxford Norwich Medical School Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive University of East Anglia Oxford OX3 7LF (UK) Bio-Medical Research Centre (BMRC) 0.04 E-Mail [email protected] Norwich NR4 7TJ (UK) E-Mail [email protected] H. Salome Kruger Centre of Excellence for Nutrition Alice A. Gibson North-West University The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise PO Box 20333 and Eating Disorders Noordbrug The University of Sydney Esselen Street Medical Foundation Bldg (K25) Potchefstroom 2522 (South Africa) 92–94 Parramatta Road E-Mail [email protected] Camperdown, NSW 2050 (Australia) E-Mail [email protected] Neeraj Kumar Department of Neurology Susanna Magrietha Hanekom Mayo Clinic Center of Excellence for Nutrition E8A, Mayo Building, 200 First St. SW North-West University Rochester, MN 55905 (USA) Private Bag X6001 E-Mail [email protected] Potchefstroom 2520 (South Africa) E-Mail [email protected] VIII Joseph Lau Rachael McLean Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Departments of Preventive and Social Medicine Public Health Program and Human Nutrition Brown University University of Otago 121 S. Main Street, 8th floor PO Box 56 Providence, RI 02912 (USA) Dunedin 9054 (New Zealand) E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected] John Leung Anoop Misra Food Allergy Center at Tufts Medical Center and Fortis C-DOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Floating Hospital for Children Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology Departments of Gastroenterology, Pediatric B16 Chirag Enclave Gastroenterology, and Allergy and Immunology New Delhi 110016 (India) Tufts Medical Center E-Mail [email protected] 800 Washington Street Boston, MA 02111 (USA) Emily S. Mohn E-Mail [email protected] Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging Tufts University Luis Marsano 711 Washington Street University of Louisville and Robley Rex VAMC Boston, MA 02111 (USA) 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR512 E-Mail [email protected] Louisville, KY 40202 (USA) E-Mail [email protected] Jonathan Obert University of Louisville and Robley Rex VAMC Jim Mann 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR512 Department of Human Nutrition Louisville, KY 40202 (USA) University of Otago E-Mail [email protected] PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 (New Zealand) Ulf Risérus Email [email protected] Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Enrica Marzola Uppsala Science Park Department of Neuroscience SE–75185 Uppsala (Sweden) University of Turin E-Mail [email protected] Via Cherasco 11 IT–10126 Turin (Italy) Hamid M. Said E-Mail [email protected] University of California/VA Medical Program-151 5901 E. 7th St Richard D. Mattes Long Beach, CA 90822 (USA) Department of Nutrition Science E-Mail [email protected] Purdue University 212 Stone Hall, 700 W. State Street Rehana A. Salam West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059 (USA) Division of Women and Child Health E-Mail [email protected] Aga Khan University Stadium Road Ronald J. Maughan PO Box 3500 School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Karachi 74800 (Pakistan) Loughborough University E-Mail [email protected] Ashby Road Loughborough LE11 3TU (UK) E-Mail [email protected] IX