T r NUTRITION e m e lle n • P e Nutrition, Fertility, and a r c e Human Reproductive Function One in six couples around the world experience infertility. Before undertaking expensive and intrusive assisted reproductive treatment such as in vitro fertilization, many seek a advice from their physicians or dietitians on what foods and supplements might n enhance their fertility. But health practitioners are often ill equipped to provide dietary d recommendations in a scientifically based manner. Nutrition, Fertility, and Human H Reproductive Function provides a comprehensive guide to clinicians on how they u can best advise their patients to optimize fertility and reproductive function through m optimal nutrition. a N n u Taking a holistic or “whole-of-life” approach, the book reviews the role of nutrition in t human fertility and explores its effect on male and female reproductive physiology. R r i Problem-oriented topics are arranged in chapters that each cover a specific clinical e t i p o topic of interest, allowing easy reference by the practicing clinician. From the female r n perspective, the book covers the role of nutrition on essential reproductive processes o , such as ovulation, early embryo development, implantation, and sexual function, d F u e together with nutrition’s influence on the duration of the reproductive life span. In the c r male context, it examines the effect of nutrition on hormone and sperm production t t i as well as sexual function. The book also includes information on evidence-based i l v i t complementary health approaches such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and e y naturopathy. F , Nutrition, Fer tility, and u This book draws on the wide experience of several respected leaders in clinical nutrition n who combine research expertise with clinical insight. The information contained c Human Reproductive herein will enable clinicians to make the best recommendations for their patients for t i o optimizing fertility. n Function K21796 Edited by Kelton Tremellen 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 Karma Pearce an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK w w w . c r c p r e s s . c o m Nutrition, Fertility, and Human Reproductive Function Nutrition, Fertility, and Human Reproductive Function Edited by Kelton Tremellen, MD, PhD Professor of Reproductive Medicine Flinders University South Australia Karma Pearce, PhD University of South Australia Adelaide Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20141010 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1531-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro- duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy- right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica- tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to Andrew E. Czeizel, in honor of his pioneering work in the field of periconception nutritional supplements for the prevention of congenital abnormalities in children. Professor Czeizel was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1935. Following completion of medical and scientific training (PhD), he became a clinical geneticist and headed up the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Register, the world’s first national registry for the analysis of the causes of congeni- tal abnormalities in children. This work spurred his interest in public health initiatives that may prevent these types of abnormalities. In 1984 Professor Czeizel went on to established a precon- ception family planning program in Hungary that focused on getting women into optimal health both before conception and during the vital early part of pregnancy so as to optimize fetal organ development. Part of this program consisted of encouraging women to take prenatal nutritional supplements (vitamins including folate, minerals, and trace elements) in the hope that this may help prevent congenital abnormalities. It was through this service that Professor Czeizel conducted the first ever randomized controlled trial (RCT) proving that prenatal multivitamin supplements could prevent primary neural tube defects and several other major congenital abnormalities. The results of this study are discussed by Professor Czeizel in Chapter 5 of this book. The ingredients of one of the most popular prenatal vitamin supplements (Elevit, Pronatal by Bayer) used by millions of women around the world are based on the formulation used in the pioneering Hungarian RCT. Therefore, Professor Czeizel’s work has been directly instrumental in popularizing the general use of prenatal multivitamin supplements and led to the prevention of innumerable cases of congenital abnormalities around the world. Professor Czeizel has published more than 100 original research articles and book chapters, plus served on numerous editorial boards and advisory bodies (including the WHO Centre for Control of Hereditary Diseases). Professor Czeizel is now retired from clinical practice but still maintains an active research interest in the prevention of congenital abnormalities through nutritional interven- tion. For this reason we dedicate this book in his honor. Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Nutrition and Ovulatory Function ................................................................................1 Jorge E. Chavarro, Audrey J. Gaskins, and Myriam C. Afeiche Chapter 2 The Role of Diet and Lifestyle Modification in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ........................................................................................................27 Rebecca L. Thomson, Helena J. Teede, Nigel K. Stepto, Lauren K. Banting, and Lisa J. Moran Chapter 3 Macronutrient Intake, Fertility, and Pregnancy Outcome .........................................51 Tarek El-Toukhy and Amira Osman Chapter 4 The Role of Micronutrients in the Prevention of Congenital Anomalies in the Fetus and Optimization of Pregnancy Outcomes ......................................................69 Zohra S. Lassi, Dania Mallick, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta Chapter 5 A Review of the Pivotal Studies Supporting the Use of Periconceptional Multivitamins in the Prevention of Congenital Abnormalities ..................................89 Andrew E. Czeizel, Istvan Dudás, and Atilla Vereczkey Chapter 6 Maternal Nutrition and Its Influence on the Health of the Next Generation: The “Developmental Origins Hypothesis” ...............................................................107 Hitomi Okubo, Siân M. Robinson, and Keith M. Godfrey Chapter 7 Chinese Herbal Supplements and the Treatment of Female Infertility ....................129 Karin Ried and Clare Pyers Chapter 8 Nutritional and Dietary Interventions for Menopause .............................................165 Sheila M. Wicks and Gail B. Mahady Chapter 9 The Effect of Obesity on Male Reproductive Function ...........................................191 Nathalie Sermondade, Charlotte Dupont, Celine Faure, and Rachel Levy vii viii Contents Chapter 10 Nutrition and Sperm Function ..................................................................................213 Myriam C. Afeiche, Audrey J. Gaskins, and Jorge E. Chavarro Chapter 11 Nutritional Supplementation for the Treatment of Male Infertility .........................235 Saad Alshahrani, Ashok Agarwal, David Collins, and Sebo Ling Wang Chapter 12 The Role of Nutrition in Male Sexual Function .......................................................257 Joan Khoo, Richard Y. T. Chen, and Gary A. Wittert Chapter 13 The Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatment Outcomes ................................................................................................283 Deirdre Zander-Fox and Hassan W. Bakos Chapter 14 Naturopathic Treatments for Infertility and Reproductive Disorders ......................309 Leah N. Hechtman and Joseph E. Pizzorno Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intake for Macro- and Micronutrients for Various Countries ........................................................................................................................353 Appendix B: Websites for Key Position Statements on Diet and Fertility ..............................377