00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page i Nursing Education: Foundations for Practice Excellence 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page ii 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page iii NURSING EDUCATION: FOUNDATIONS FOR PRACTICE EXCELLENCE By Barbara A. Moyer and Ruth A. Wittmann-Price 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page iv F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 www.fadavis.com Copyright © 2008 by F. A. Davis Company All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acquisitions Editor: Joanne Patzek DaCunha, RN, MSN Developmental Editor: Caryn Abramowitz Project Editor: Kristin L. Kern Art and Design Manager: Carolyn O’Brien As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The author(s) and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The author(s), edi- tors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nursing education : foundations for practice excellence / [edited] by Barbara A. Moyer and Ruth A. Whitman- Price. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8036-1404-8 ISBN-10: 0-8036-1404-7 1. Nursing—Study and teaching. I. Moyer, Barbara A. II. Whitman-Price, Ruth A. [DNLM: 1. Education, Nursing—methods. 2. Teaching—methods. WY 18 N97363 2007] RT71.N76 2007 610.73071′1—dc22 2007012509 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a sep- arate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 8036-1404/07 ⫹ $.10. 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page v This book has exceeded our expectations, not only because of the wonderful work that the contributing authors have provided but also because they have embellished the text with the concept of caring for each educator to impart on every future nursing student. We are thankful for each contribution to this book and believe that the pieces, as well as the totality of it, will have a positive impact on nursing education and ultimately on thousands of patients who will benefit from the expertise provided within its pages. Thank you. In Memoriam “Every action of our lives touches on some chord that will vibrate in eternity.” —Sean O’Casey Dr. Susan Leddy’s contributions to nursing research, knowledge, education, and practice will touch the lives of nurses for eternity. v 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page vi 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page vii P r e f a c e This book was developed as our small way to help offset the increasing nursing shortage. Without nurse educators the well-documented shortage cannot be addressed appropriately. Nursing graduate programs, such as the one at DeSales University, have risen to the call and are doing a phenomenal job of educating nurses from all walks of practice to become educators. During the planning of the Graduate Nurse Educator track at DeSales, we recognized a need for a book about nursing education that would not only be philosophically sound but contain informa- tion on the current technological world we teach in, address the needs of the diverse learners that we teach, and have a vision for the future of nursing education. This unique book fills that need; it offers experience in nursing education to new educators as well as innovative strategies to expe- rienced educators who are now faced with increased numbers of diverse students that must be prepared to function in a world of nursing that is technologically complicated yet calls for humanistic, culturally competent care. This book is a patchwork of pieces carefully crafted to fit together from different nurse edu- cators who are all artists in their field. They have produced a beautiful quilt that covers not only the foundations of nursing education but is filled with threads of wisdom about educational methodologies, technology, and strategies to help all nurse educators become innovative facilita- tors of the art and science of nursing. The contributing authors of this book are all educators who are passionate about education and have an acute awareness and understanding of the social and global implications of their work. They are in the forefront of nursing education and know the demands of being an educator today. They have used that experience to produce a blanket of knowledge that can be immediately and effectively implemented in the development of curricu- lum and strategies for today’s classroom, in whatever forms that may be, physical or virtual. The pieces of this book have been woven together to take the nurse educator on a journey. It begins by a thoughtful and reflective discussion of nursing education from a philosophical stand- point and then lays the groundwork for achieving excellence in the field of nursing education. The art and science of nursing education is addressed before the journey continues to a pivotal point where the discussion focuses on why a professional chooses the path of nursing education as a career. The road then becomes one of signature signposts that speak of curriculum development and the needs of the learner infused with practical management strategies. The landscape then quickly turns to the mountains of information about technology, learning labs, instructional methodologies, and evaluation strategies, as well as clinical education. All of the topics that are relevant to our positions as educators and are so often discussed at faculty meetings and confer- ences are included with thorough explanations, recent research findings, and practical “how tos”. Next, the journey pauses at a reflective pool to develop the cognitive realizations about how a nurse makes the role transition from clinician to educator. The discussion focuses on the human resources and caring needed to ensure self-efficacy as an educator. Finally, the book ends with a vision, a journey into the future. What we know as nursing educators today cannot be taken for granted in this rapidly changing health-care environment that includes unbelievable technological advances. Thank you. vii 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page viii 00Moyer(F)-FM 6/11/07 11:41 AM Page ix C o n t r i b u t o r s Michele M. August-Brady, DNSc, RN Judy Irene Murphy, PhD, RN, CNE Associate Professor of Nursing Associate Professor Moravian College, Nursing Department Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Health Services Boston, Massachusetts Vera Brancato, EdD, RN, BC Professor and Director Marilyn E. Parker, PhD, RN Center for Enhancement of Teaching Professor and Director Kutztown University College of Nursing Kutztown, Pennsylvania Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Peggy L. Chinn, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emerita Mary E. Partusch, PhD, RN University of Connecticut School of Nursing Professor of Nursing Storrs, Connecticut Nebraska Methodist College Omaha, Nebraska Lucille A. Joel, EdD, RN, FAAN Professor, College of Nursing Mary Anne Rizzolo, EdD, RN, FAAN Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey Senior Director, Professional Development Newark, New Jersey National League for Nursing New York, New York Susan Leddy, PhD, RN Professor Emerita Pamela Roberts, MSN, RN Widener University Nursing Lab Manager Chester, Pennsylvania Department of Nursing Montgomery County Community College Deborah C. Messecar, PhD, RN, CNS Blue Bell, Pennsylvania Associate Professor Oregon Health & Science University Savina O. Schoenhofer, PhD, RN School of Nursing Professor, Department of Graduate Nursing Portland, Oregon Alcorn State University Natchez, Mississippi Barbara A. Moyer, EdD, RN Assistant Professor of Nursing Susan M. P. Scholtz, DNSc, RN DeSales University Associate Professor of Nursing Center Valley, Pennsylvania Moravian College, Nursing Department Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Robert G. Mulligan, MA, MEd Doctoral Student Joan Stanley, PhD, CRNP, FAAN Neumann College Senior Director, Education Policy Aston, Pennsylvania American Association of Colleges of Nursing Washington, DC ix