Proceedings of a Symposium on Numerical and Physical Aspects of Aerodynamic Flows Numerical and Physical Aspects of Aerodynamic Flows Edited by Tuncer Cebeci With 302 Illustrations [t Sp,mg'" Science+Bu,me" Media, LLC Tuncer Ce beci California State University Long Beach, CA 90840 U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Symposium on Numerical and Physical Aspects of Aerodynamic Flows (1981 : California State University, Long Beach) Numerical and Physical Aspects of Aerodynamic Flows. 1. Aerodynamics-Congresses. 2. Boundary layer Congresses. I. Cebeci, Tuncer. 11. Title. TL574.F5S95 1981 629.132'32 81-18433 AACR2 © 1982 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc in 1982. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1982 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without permission from Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Typeset by Composition House Limited, Salisbury, Wilts, England. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-3-662-12612-7 ISBN 978-3-662-12610-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-12610-3 Preface This volume contains revised and edited forms of papers presented at the Symposium on Numerical and Physical Aspects of Aerodynamic Flows, held at the California State University from 19 to 21 January 1981. The Symposium was organized to bring together leading research workers in those aspects of aerodynamic flows represented by the five parts and to fulfill the following purposes : first, to allow the presentation of technical papers which provide a basis for research workers to assess the present status of the subject and to formulate priorities for the future; and second, to promote informal discussion and thereby to assist the communication and develop ment of novel concepts. The format ofthe content ofthe volume is similar to that ofthe Symposium and addresses, in separate parts: Numerical Fluid Dynamics, Interactive Steady Boundary Layers, Singularities in Unsteady Boundary Layers, Transonic Flows, and Experimental Fluid Dynamics. The motivation for most of the work described relates to the internal and extern al aerodynamics of aircraft and to the development and appraisal of design methods based on numerical solutions to conservation equations in differential forms, for corresponding components. The chapters concerned with numerical fluid dynamics can, perhaps, be interpreted in a more general context, but the emphasis on boundary-Iayer flows and the special consideration oftransonic flows reflects the interest in external flows and the recent advances which have allowed the calculation methods to encompass transonic regions. The desire for numerical methods to aid the design process is prompted by the need to reduce the number and cost of experimental tests, particularly those with v vi Preface large or full-scale equipment. It must be recognized that numerical methods, and usually the equations which they are used to solve, introduce uncertain ties, and experiments remain essential, though (as indicated in Part 5: Experimental Fluid Oynamics) these can be of reasonably small scale and cost. The papers presented here have been modified and improved as a con sequence of suggestions made by the session chairmen and the authors themselves. It is a pleasure to record the willingness with which authors set out to make their contributions as useful and stimulating as possible, and thereby helping to ensure that this volume has archival value and at the same time provides an overview of current knowledge. The first chapter in each part introduces material which provides an overview of its topic and makes specific reference to the papers which follow. Thus in Parts 1,4, and 5, Or. Keller, Or. Ballhaus and his coworkers, and Or. Roshko have modified the material which they presented at the symposium to fulfill this purpose : the introductions to Parts 2 and 3 have been prepared to provide the same service. The Symposium was made possible partly by financial support provided to the California State University by the Office of Naval Research and also by the co operation of authors, session chairmen, participants, and colleagues at the University. Particular thanks are due to Dr. R. E. Whitehead of the Office of Naval Research, Mr. Ralph Co oper formerly of the same office, and Professor Hillar Unt of the University. The editing process benefited considerably from the efforts of Nancy O'Barr and Sue Schimke, and it is a pleasure to acknowledge their help. It is appropriate to recognize, at this time, the service given to the Office of Naval Research and to the research community by Mr. Morton Cooper, who retired after 18 years of service as an Engineering Science Advisor. Many of us have enjoyed long associations with hirn through the Fluid Oynamics Program of the Office of Naval Research: this volume is dedicated to hirn in recognition of the many successful research programs which he organized and supported in an efficient and understanding manner. Long Beach, California TUNCER CEBECI April 1982 Contents PART 1. Numerical Fluid Dynamics I. Continuation Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics H. B. Keller. 3 2. Experiments on Initial and Boundary Conditions G. Moretti . 15 3. Hybrid Procedures for Computing General Viscous Flows J. C. Wu 35 4. State of the Art in Subgrid-Scale Modeling J. H. Ferziger . 53 5. Three-Dimensional Instability of Plane Channel Flows at Subcritical Reynolds Numbers S. A. Orszag and A. T. Patera 69 6. Scaling ofHigh-Reynolds-Number Weakly Separated Channe1 Flows P. J. Roache 87 7. Some Observations on Numerical Solutions of the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations H. McDonald and W. R. Briley 99 REFERENCES . 121 VII Vlll Contents PART 2. Interactive Steady Boundary Layers Introduction T. Cebeci 127 8. Some Recent Studies in Triple-Deck Theory K. Stewartson . 129 9. Spectral Computation of Triple-Deck Flows O. R. Burggraf and P. W. Duck . 145 10. Nonasymptotic Theory of Unseparated Turbulent Boundary-Layer-Shock-Wave Interactions with Application to Transonic Flows G. R. Inger . 159 11. A Review of Marching Procedures for Parabolized Navier-Stokes Equations S. G. Rubin. 171 12. Progress on Interacting Boundary-Layer Computations at High Reynolds Number R. T. Davis and M. J. Werle . 187 13. On the Turbulent Viscid-Inviscid Interaction at a Wedge-Shaped Trailing Edge R. E. Melnik and B. Grossman 211 14. A Comparison ofthe Second-Order Triple-Deck Theory with Interacting Boundary Layers S. A. Ragab and A. H. Nayfeh 237 REFERENCES 255 PART 3. Singularities in Unsteady Boundary Layers Introduction T. Cebeci 261 15. Unsteady Separation T. Cebeci 265 16. On the Current Controversy about Unsteady Separation K. C. Wang. 279 17. The Genesis of Separation L. L. van Dommelen and S. F. Shen 293 18. Some Characteristics of Unsteady Two-and Three-Dimensional Reversed Boundary-Layer Flows H. A. Dwyer and F. S. Sherman . 313 19. Large-Time Boundary-Layer Computations at a Rear Stagnation Point Using the Asymptotic Structure P. G. Williams . 325 Contents IX 20. Form Factors near Separation C. Barbi and D. Telionis . 337 21. Unsteady Development ofthe Boundary Layer in the Vicinity of a Rear Stagnation Point J. C. Williams, III . 347 REFERENCES 365 PART 4. Transonic Flows 22. Advances and Opportunities in Transonic-Flow Computations W. F. Ballhaus, Jr., G. S. Deiwert, P. M. Goorjian, T. L. Holst and P. Kutler . 371 23. The Transonic-Flow Theories of High-and Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings H. K. Cheng 397 24. Perturbation of Transonic Flow with Shocks M. HaJez 421 25. On the Definition of Freestream Conditions in Wind-Tunnel Testing W. R. Sears. 439 26. Basic Advances in the Finite-Volume Method for Transonic Potential-Flow Calculations D. A. Caughey and A. Jameson . 445 27. Flow Structures Associated with Upper-Surface-Blown Airfoils N. D. Malmuth, W. D. Murphy, V. Shankar, J. D. Cole, and E. Cumberbatch 463 28. Transonic-Shock-Boundary-Layer Interaction: A Case for Phenomenology J. Wai and H. Yoshihara . 479 29. Unsteady Transonic Flows: Time-Linearized Calculations A. R. Seebass and K.-Y. Fung. 493 REFERENCES 507 PART 5. Experimental Fluid Dynamics Introduction A. Roshko 517 30. Local and Global Dynamics of Free Shear Layers C.-M. Ho . 521 31. Laser Velocimetry Applied to Transonic Flow Past Airfoi1s D. A. Johnson . 535 x Contents 32. Imbedded Longitudinal Vortices in Turbulent Boundary Layers R. D. Mehta, I. M. M. A. Shahaka, and P. Bradshaw . 551 33. Experimental Investigation of Oscillating Subsonic Jets D. J. Collins, M. F. Platzer, J. C. S. Lai and J. M. Simmons 575 34. Measurements in Ducted Flows by Laser Doppler Anemometry A. M. K. P. Taylor, J. H. Whitelaw, and M. Yianneskis 589 35. Fluid-Mechanics Mechanisms in the Stall Process of Airfoils for Helicopters W. H. Young, Jr. . 601 36. On the Behavior of an Unsteady Turbulent Boundary Layer P. G. Parikh, W. C. Reynolds, and R. Jayaraman 617 REFERENCES 633