This is Volume 40-B in PURE AND APPLIED PHYSICS A Series of Monographs and Textbooks Consulting Editors: H. S. W. MASSEY AND KEITH A. BRUECKNER A complete list of titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. Nuclear Spectroscopy and Reactions PART Β Edited by JOSEPH CERNY Department of Chemistry and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London 1974 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1974, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NWl Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cerny, Joseph. Nuclear spectroscopy and reactions. (Pure and applied physics, v. 40-B) Includes bibliographies. 1. Nuclear spectroscopy. 2. Nuclear reactions. I. Title. 11. Series. QC454.N8C47 543'.085 72-13606 ISBN 0-12-165202-5 (pt. B) PRINTED IN THE UNrTED STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. D. K. ANDERSON, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks- burg, Virginia (457) J. D. ANDERSON, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California (613) A. D. BACKER, Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (3) JOHN G. CRAMER,* Physics Department, University of Munich, Germany (89) KENNETH M. CROWE, University of California, Berkeley, California (493) EBERHARD FiNCKH,t Nuclear Physics Department, Hahn-Meitner Institute for Nuclear Research, Berlin, Germany (573) CHARLES GLASHAUSSER, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey (195) G. IGO, University of California, Los Angeles, California (393) D. A. JENKINS, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia (457) M. H. MACFARLANE, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, and University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (169) F. G. PEREY, Neutron Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (137) A. RICHTER, Institute for Experimental Physics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (343) * Present address : Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, t Present address: Institute of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 8520 Erlangen, Germany. XI Xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS J. P. SCHIFFER, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, and Univer­ sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (169) R. H. SIEMSSEN,* Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois (233) N. W. TANNER, Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Oxford, England (527) G. M. TEMMER, Department of Physics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey (61) PETER TRUOL, Physics Institute of the University of Zurich, Switzerland (493) P. VON BRENTANO, Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Germany (89) W. VON OERTZEN,t Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany (279) RICHARD L. WALTER, Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Duke Station, Durham, North Caro­ lina (635) * Present address: K.V.I., University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, t Temporary address : Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California. PREFACE This work presents a survey of the development of a substantial fraction of the field of nuclear spectroscopy and reactions, with an emphasis on in- beam spectroscopy. It basically attempts to follow the spirit of "Nuclear Spectroscopy," edited by Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, which was published more than a decade ago. Hopefully, by bringing together at one time some 48 related chapters by 59 experts dealing with particular subdivisions of this active research area, the user will be able to acquire a broad, contemporary perspective of this field. As before, these volumes have been primarily designed for use by graduate students engaging in experimental studies in nuclear spectroscopy and re­ actions as well as by specialists interested in ideas or techniques developed in other areas of research. Each author was requested to make his contribu­ tion accessible to a student who has completed graduate-level courses in nuclear physics and quantum mechanics. This work is organized into four parts, each of which attempts to present a coherent area within the field. Part Β deals with charged particle spectro­ scopy and reactions as studied with both light and heavy ions, as well as with spectroscopic studies involving mesons and neutrons. Due to the large number of contributors, inevitable problems of duplica­ tion, variable depth of coverage, and differing notation have arisen. Insofar as possible these problems have been minimized, but retaining the flavor of the original contribution as well as the notation employed in a particular research specialty were often overriding concerns. As the editor I have profited both from many discussions with colleagues concerning the nature and substance of the work as well as from the pleasant interactions with the contributing authors. In particular I would like to ex­ press my deep appreciation to F. Ajzenberg-Selove, B. G. Harvey, D. L. Hendrie, and A. M. Poskanzer for much valuable advice. xni CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS PART A I Accelerators in Low and Intermediate Energy Nuclear Physics LA Electrostatic Accelerators K, W, Allen LB The Cyclotron Bernard G. Harvey I.C Specialized Accelerators I.C.I Heavy Ion Accelerators R. Bock I.C.2 High Intensity Meson Facilities M. Stanley Livingston I.C.3 Electron Linear Accelerators H. A. Schwettman II Specialized Auxiliary Equipment II.A Polarization Experiments II.A.l Polarized Beams W. Haeberli II.A.2 Polarized Targets P. Catillon II.B On-Line Mass Separation R. Klapisch II.C Techniques for the Study of Short-Lived Nuclei Ronald D. Macfarlane and William C. McHarris XV XVi CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS III Measurement of Charged Particle and Gamma Ray Spectra III.A Semiconductor Radiation Detectors Fred S, Goulding and Richard H, Pehl III.B Large Nal Detectors P.Paul III.C Magnetic Detection of Charged Particles D\ L, Hendrie III.D Semiconductor Detector Spectrometer Electronics Fred S, Goulding and Donald A, Landis IILE On-Line Computers in Nuclear Research R, R. Porchers PART C Vn Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy VILA Coulomb Excitation F. K. McGowan and P, H Stelson VILB Coulomb Reorientation O. Hausser VILC Magnetic Moments of Excited States E, Recknagel VII. D Gamma Rays from Capture Reactions C. Rolfs and A, E, Either land VILE Gamma Rays from Heavy-Ion Reactions /. O, Newton VII.F Detailed Spectroscopy from Fission E. Cheifetz and J. B, Wilhelmy VII.G Angular Correlation Methods A, J, Ferguson VII. H Lifetime Measurements D. B, Fossan and E. K, Warburton CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS XVU Vni Other Topics VIII.A Photonuclear Reactions B. L, Berman VIII.B Nuclear Spectroscopy from Delayed Particle Emission /. C. Hardy VIII.C In-Beam Atomic Spectroscopy Indrek Martinson VIII.D Effects of Extranuclear Fields on Nuclear Radiations D. A. Shirley VHI.E A Guide to Nuclear Compilations Ajzenberg-Selove PART D IX Theoretical Analysis IX.A Models of Light Nuclei M. Harvey and F, C. Khanna IX.B Models of Heavy Nuclei /. O. Rasmussen IX.C New Approaches in Resonance Reactions D, Robson IX.D Inelastic Scattering and Charge Exchange Κ A, Madsen IX. Ε One- and Two-Nucleon Transfer Reactions Norman AT. Glendenning IV.A RESONANCE REACTIONS IV.A.l Cross-Section and Polarization Studies of Light Nuclei A, Z). Backer DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS INDIANA UNIVERSITY BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA I. Introduction 4 II. Experimental Techniques 5 A. Cross-Section Measurements 6 B. Polarization Measurements 11 III. Analysis and Interpretation of Results 15 A. General Formalism 15 B. Phase Shift Analysis 17 C. Extraction of Level Parameters 24 D. Theoretical Models 32 E. Extensions to Higher Energies 36 IV. Applications to Specific Systems 37 A. 0 + 0 37 B. J + 0 41 C. 1 + 0 45 D. i +i 48 E. More Complex Systems 50 V. Reaction Studies of the Compound Nucleus 51 A. 51 B. 54 VI. Summary 56 References 57