Programme for the Development of a Regional Strategy for the Utilisation of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System ___________________________________________________________________________ Regional Strategy for the Utilisation of The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Annex 2 Bibliography CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT FOR THE ARAB REGION AND EUROPE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT P reface Throughout history, access to water has been essential to social and economic development and stability of cultures and civilizations. Water is an indispensable commodity of life. Groundwater is considered as one of the principal fresh water resources. Under the thrust of the ever-increasing population in the world, there happens to be a notable deficiency in the fresh water supplies. This state of affairs urged individuals, communities, authorities and international agencies to search for groundwater in an attempt to keep pace with the continually increasing demand for water. The countries of Northeast Africa, Egypt, Libya, Chad and Sudan share The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS), which represents a huge fresh water reserve. The four countries have expressed their interest to share their experiences and to develop this regional Aquifer System. With this in mind The Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) developed a programme for The Development of The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. The Programme was then funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and executed by CEDARE. The results of the study presented in this report have produced a Regional Strategy for the utilization of this huge common resource, which hopefully will facilitate consultation between the concerned countries and create a sense of sharing a common resource in order to exploit it rationally. This detailed study has been conducted by a team of experts guided by Dr. Mohamed Bakhbakhi NSAS Regional Coordinator. May I avail myself to this opportunity to thank the collaborating national institutions for their efforts and cooperation. Last but not least I wish to express, on behalf of the governments concerned, and on behalf of CEDARE, our deep appreciation and gratitude to IFAD for financing the project. Dr. Kamal A. SABET Executive Director A cknowledgments The “Programme for the Development of a Regional Strategy for the Utilisation of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS)” is funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The execution of the Programme is the primary responsibility of CEDARE. The NSAS Programme team wish to extend their thanks and appreciation to IFAD who has funded this programme and made this publication and the associated study possible. They wish also to express their gratitude to CEDARE for hosting the Programme and making its implementation come true. The guidance and support of Dr. Kamal Sabet, Executive Director of CEDARE is highly appreciated. The NSAS Programme wish also to convey its gratefulness to the consultants of the Programme whose valuable inputs are highly appreciated, namely Dr. Abdou Shata, Senior Geology Consultant, Mr. Philippe Pallas, Dr. G. Pizzi and Eng. Saleh Nour. The Programme acknowledges the involvement and the effective contribution of the National Institutions of the four concerned countries whose cooperation, interaction and provision of information throughout the implementation of the Programme was of ultimate benefit and utmost importance towards the forwarding and accomplishment of this study. Special vote of thanks are to the National Coordinators; Dr. Moussa Terap – Chad, Dr. Fatma Attia – Egypt, Dr. Omar Salem – Libya and Dr. Idris M. Idris – Sudan. Appreciation is extended to all the members of the Steering Committee and the Regional Technical Review Committee for their constructive input and time. Special recognition to Ms. Sahar Ezz El Arab, Secretary of the Programme for typing the report. NSAS Programme Staff Dr. Mohammed Bakhabakhi Hydrogeologist (Regional Coordinator) Eng. Amr Abdel-Meguid Water Resources Engineer Eng. Omar Elbadawy GIS Specialist F orward This study on the development of a regional strategy for the utilization of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System has been prepared by Dr. Mohamed Bakhbakhi (CEDARE Regional Programme Coordinator), the Programme’s team of consultants, Professor Dr. A. Shata, Mr. Phillipe Pallas, Dr. G. Pizzi and Engineer Saleh Nour and the staff of The Programme Engineer Amr Abdel-Meguid and Engineer Omar Elbadawy. In the preparation of this study numerous reports, studies, documents, briefs and write up have been consulted. Below is a partial list of these reports: 1) The final reports of the “special research Project in Arid areas period 1984 – 1987” and on “Hydrogeological investigations in the Nubian Aquifer System”, Eastern Sahara prepared by Klitzsch et al, 1987, as well as research on modeling of the Nubian Aquifer System by Heinl and Binkman (Published in 1989), the hydrogeological investigation carried out by Heinl and Thorweihe in Northern Sudan, 1983 and S.W. Egypt, 1993. (annex 1), 2) Bretschneider, H., Heinl, M., Brinkmann, P.J., Hollander, R. (1987) Groundwater Model for the Nubian Aquifer System. Technical University of Berlin. 3) The many technical reports prepared by the Technical University of Berlin and ACSAD upon request of OSS, 4) P.J. Brinkman, M. Heinl, R. Hollander and G. Reich, 1987. Retrospective simulation of groundwater flow and transport in the Nubian Aquifer System, Berliner Geowiss. Abh (A) 75.2, 465-516 Berlin. 5) JVQ, Joint Venture Qattara (1978): study Qattara-Depression, special volume: Regional geology and Hydrogeology, unpublished report of Lahmeyer GmbH, Salzgitter consult GmbH, Deutsche Projeckt Union GmbH. 6) Pallas P. (1978) water resources of the socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 2nd Symposium of geology of Libya- Tripoli. 7) El Ramly, I. (1983), Water Resources Study of Zone V (Al Kufrah and Sirt Basins) unpublished report, Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Secretariate of Agricultural Reclamation and Land development, water and Soil Department. 8) The technical reports prepared by the National institutions and regional organizations (annex 1), 9) Ali Hissene Mahmoud (1986) geologie Und Hydrogeologie des Erdis-bechen, NE-Tschad. Berliner Geowiss. Reihe A/B 76, Berlin. 10) EZZAT, M.A. (1974): Groundwater series in the Arab Republic of Egypt; Exploitation of groundwater in El-Wadi El- Gadid Project Area. Part I to IV, General Desert Development Authority/ Ministry of Irrigation Cairo. The results achieved during our study are included in a final report made up of four volumes and two annexes. This is Annex 2 of a 4 volumes and 2 annexes report Volume 1: Executive summary Volume 2: Hydrogeology Volume 3 Groundwater Model Volume 4: Administration Annex 1 Information System Annex 2: Bibliography Note: The denomination used and the boundaries shown on any map or graphical appendices to this document do not imply, on the part of IFAD, CEDARE or any other party associated with the preparation of this document, any judgment on the legal status of any territory or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. List of Abbreviations ACSAD Arab Center for Studies of Arid zones & Dry Lands Bm3/y Billion cubic meters per year (109 m3/y) CEDARE Centre for Environment and Development For the Arab Region and Europe EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GIS Geographic Information System GWA General Water Authority, Libya IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome IDB Islamic Development Bank m.b.g.l meters below ground level m.a.s.l meters above mean sea level m.b.s.l meters below mean sea level MSL mean sea level mg/l milligrams per liter g/l grams per liter Mm3/y Million cubic meters per year Mm3/day Million cubic meters per day GMS Ground water Modeling System AQUQA3D Ground water Modeling Software NSAS Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System NAS Nubian Aquifer System PNAS Post Nubian Aquifer System RC Regional Coordinator RIGW Research Institute for Groundwater – Egypt RPSC Regional Programme Steering Committee RTRC Regional Technical Review Committee SSO Sahara & Sahel Observatory TDS Total Dissolved Solids TUB Technical University of Berlin UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme U.S.G.S United State Geological Survey mcm Million Cubic meters PPM Parts per Million GL Ground Level BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdel Salam, Y.(1966) : The Groundwater Geology of the Gezira, University of Khartoum. 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