Novel Radar Techniques and Applications Relatedtitlesonradar: AdvancesinBistaticRadarWillisandGriffiths AirborneEarlyWarningSystemConcepts,3rdEditionLong BistaticRadar,2ndEditionWillis DesignofMulti-FrequencyCWRadarsJankiraman DigitalTechniquesforWidebandReceivers,2ndEditionTsui ElectronicWarfarePocketGuideAdamy FoliagePenetrationRadar:DetectionandcharacterisationofobjectsundertreesDavis FundamentalsofGroundRadarforATCEngineersandTechniciansBouwman FundamentalsofSystemsEngineeringandDefenseSystemsApplicationsJeffrey IntroductiontoElectronicWarfareModelingandSimulationAdamy IntroductiontoElectronicDefenseSystemsNeri IntroductiontoSensorsforRangingandImagingBrooker MicrowavePassiveDirectionFindingLipsky MicrowaveReceiverswithElectronicWarfareApplicationsTsui Phased-ArrayRadarDesign:ApplicationofradarfundamentalsJeffrey PocketRadarGuide:Keyfacts,equations,anddataCurry PrinciplesofModernRadar,Volume1:BasicprinciplesRichards,ScheerandHolm PrinciplesofModernRadar,Volume2:AdvancedtechniquesMelvinandScheer PrinciplesofModernRadar,Volume3:ApplicationsScheerandMelvin PrinciplesofWaveformDiversityandDesignWicksetal. 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Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-61353-226-3(HardbackVolume2) ISBN978-1-61353-228-7(PDFVolume2) ISBN978-1-61353-225-6(HardbackVolume1) ISBN978-1-61353-227-0(PDFVolume1) ISBN978-1-61353-229-4(HardbackVolume1&2) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon Contents Preface toVolumes1and2 xv Volume2EditorBiographies xvii Listofauthors xxi Listofreviewers xxiii Part I Waveform diversity andcognitive radar 1 Introductionto waveform diversity andcognitive radar 3 HughGriffiths 1 Introduction 3 2 Waveform diversity 3 3 From adaptivity to cognition 4 4 The spectrumproblem 5 4.1 Spectrally clean waveforms 7 4.2 Waveforms with dynamically variable spectral nulls 9 4.3 Passive radar 9 4.4 Intelligent, cognitive processing 12 4.5 Regulatory approaches 13 5 Bistatic, multistatic and networked radar 13 5.1 Origins and properties 13 5.2 Passive radar 14 6 Structure of Part Iof Volume 2 16 Acknowledgements 18 References 18 1 Radaremissionspectrum engineering 23 ShannonD.Blunt, John Jakabosky and Christopher Allen Abstract 23 1.1 Introduction 23 1.2 Polyphase-coded FM 26 1.2.1 PCFMimplementation 27 1.2.2 PCFMoptimization 32 1.2.3 Optimizing physical radar emissions 37 1.2.4 Further expansion of design freedom 39 vi Novel radartechniques andapplications –volume 2 1.3 LINC-optimized waveforms 42 1.4 Spectrally shaped optimization 45 1.4.1 Ultra low sidelobe emissions 45 1.4.2 Non-recurrent nonlinear FMCWemissions 49 1.4.3 Hopped spectral gaps 51 1.5 Conclusions 55 References 56 2 Adaptive OFDM waveform designfor spatio-temporal-sparsity exploited STAP radar 61 Satyabrata Sen Abstract 61 2.1 Introduction 62 2.1.1 Notations 65 2.2 Sparse-measurement model 65 2.2.1 OFDMsignal model 66 2.2.2 Sparse measurement model 67 2.2.3 Statistical assumptions 69 2.3 STAPfilter design 70 2.4 Optimal waveform design 71 2.5 Numerical results 73 2.5.1 Sparsity-based STAPperformance 74 2.5.2 Performance improvement due toadaptive waveform design 78 2.6 Conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 80 References 81 3 Cognitive waveform designfor spectral coexistence 87 A. Aubry, A. De Maio, A. Farina andM. Piezzo Abstract 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 System model and problemformulation 91 3.2.1 Code designoptimization problem 92 3.2.2 Cognitive spectrum awareness 93 3.2.3 Feasibility issues 94 3.3 Signal-independent interference scenario 96 3.4 Signal-dependent interference scenario 99 3.5 Conclusions 102 3.6 Appendix 103 3.6.1 Feasibility of P 103 3.6.2 Waveform design algorithm for signal-independent scenario 108 3.6.3 Waveform design algorithm for signal-dependent scenario 111 References 114 Contents vii 4 Noise RadarTechnology 119 Krzysztof S.Kulpa and LukaszMaslikowski Abstract 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.1.1 Signal processingin noise radars 124 4.2 Clutter and direct signal cancellation 136 4.2.1 Noise radar range equation 137 4.2.2 Ground clutter cancellation 139 4.3 MIMOnoise radars 142 4.3.1 Signal model 143 4.3.2 Beamformingand antenna pattern 144 4.3.3 Adaptive beamforming 146 4.3.4 Virtual Nyquist array 146 4.3.5 Benefit of MIMO 147 4.3.6 Experimental results 149 4.3.7 Conclusions 150 References 151 5 Cognitive radar management 157 Alexander Charlishand Folker Hoffmann Abstract 157 5.1 Cognitive radar architecture 157 5.2 Effective QoS-based resourcesmanagement 159 5.2.1 QoSresource allocation problem 159 5.2.2 QoSresource management problem 164 5.2.3 Quality of service algorithms 167 5.2.4 Performance models 170 5.2.5 QoSradar management example 173 5.3 Stochastic control 176 5.3.1 Partially observable Markov decision process 177 5.3.2 Approximate solutions 179 5.3.3 Anticipative target tracking 183 5.4 Summary 189 Abbreviations 189 References 190 6 Clutter diversity 195 HughGriffiths and Riccardo Palama` Abstract 195 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Diversity in target signatures 197 6.2.1 Introduction 197 6.2.2 Multistatic scattering from maritime targets 199 6.2.3 Multistatic scattering from aircraft and drones 202 6.2.4 Forward scatter 203 6.2.5 Summary 206 viii Novel radartechniques and applications –volume 2 6.3 Radar target detection 207 6.3.1 Introduction 207 6.3.2 Multistatic detection algorithms 208 6.4 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgements 213 References 213 7 Biologically inspired processing of target echoes 215 Alessio Balleri, KrasinGeorgiev, Andy Stove, HughGriffiths, ChrisBaker and Marc Holderied Abstract 215 7.1 Introduction 215 7.1.1 Detection and identificationof stationary targets –flowers 216 7.1.2 Detection and identificationof moving targets – insects 217 7.1.3 Comparison between radar, sonar and biological systems 218 7.2 The need fora receiver model 218 7.3 Description of the spectrogram correlation and transformation model 219 7.3.1 Cochlear block 220 7.3.2 Temporal block 221 7.3.3 Spectral block 221 7.4 Basebandequivalent of the spectrogram transformation 222 7.5 Experimental setup tocompare BSCT and SCAT 226 7.5.1 Data collection and digitization 226 7.5.2 Targets and echo 226 7.5.3 Data processing 227 7.6 Results 227 7.7 Conclusion 229 References 230 8 The concept of the intelligent radar network 233 HughGriffiths Abstract 233 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 Towards networks and diversity 234 8.2.1 Bistatic and multistatic radar 234 8.2.2 Sensorsas robots 236 8.3 Resource management 237 8.3.1 Examples of networked radar 237 8.3.2 Biologically inspired approaches toresource management 239 8.4 Communicationsbetween platforms 240 8.4.1 Fixed and mobile nodes 240 8.4.2 Synchronized rendezvous 241 8.5 Geolocation and synchronization 243 8.5.1 NetRAD 244 Contents ix 8.5.2 Atomic clock oscillators 246 8.5.3 GPS-denied environments 246 8.5.4 White rabbit timing protocol 247 8.5.5 Multistatic mobile platforms 249 8.6 Summary 249 Acknowledgements 249 References 249 Part II Target trackinganddatafusion 253 Introductory remarks ontracking-andfusion-driven radar systems technology 255 Wolfgang Koch References 261 9 Posterior Crame´r–Raoboundsfor target tracking 263 Marcel Hernandez, Alfonso Farina and Branko Ristic Abstract 263 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Literature review 265 9.3 Bayesian performance bounds 268 9.3.1 Discrete time estimation 268 9.3.2 General class of lower bounds 268 9.4 Posterior Crame´r–Rao bound for non-linear filtering 270 9.4.1 General recursion 270 9.4.2 Calculating the constituent matrices 271 9.4.3 Simplifications–Linear models and Gaussian noise 272 9.5 Posterior Crame´r–Rao boundsfor non-linear filtering in cluttered environments 273 9.5.1 Target generated measurementsand false alarms 273 9.5.2 Information reduction factor bound 274 9.5.3 Measurement sequence conditioning bound 277 9.5.4 Measurement existence sequence conditioning bound 278 9.5.5 Relationshipsbetween the performance bounds 279 9.6 Simulations 280 9.6.1 Scenario specification 280 9.6.2 Tracking methodology 281 9.6.3 Quantifyingthe performance of the tracker 282 9.6.4 Calculating the posterior Crame´r–Rao bounds 284 9.6.5 Simulation results 286 9.7 Further development of posterior Crame´r–Rao bounds 291 9.7.1 Improvementsin computational efficiency 291 9.7.2 Passive coherent location networks 292 9.7.3 Image fusion 294