NOVEL DAIRY PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES Techniques, Management, and Energy Conservation Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering NOVEL DAIRY PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES Techniques, Management, and Energy Conservation Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD Anit Kumar, MTech Anil K. Gupta, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA © 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-612-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-16712-1 (eBook) All rights reserved. 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Milk--Pasteurization. I. Goyal, Megh Raj, editor II. Kumar, Anit, editor III. Gupta, Anil K., 1966- editor IV. Series: Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering SF250.5.N68 2017 637 C2017-907441-5 C2017-907442-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. | Kumar, Anit, editor. | Gupta, Anil K. (Anil Kumar), 1966- editor. Title: Novel dairy processing technologies : techniques, management, and energy conservation / editors: Megh R. Goyal, Anit Kumar, Anil K. Gupta. Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations in agricultural & biological engineering ; volume 17 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017055545 (print) | LCCN 2017056542 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315167121 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771886123 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Dairy processing. | Dairying. Classification: LCC SF250.5 (ebook) | LCC SF250.5 .N684 2017 (print) | DDC 338.4/7637--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055545 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com CONTENTS List of Contributors .................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................xi Preface 1 by: Megh R. Goyal ...................................................................xv Preface 2 by: Anit Kumar ......................................................................xvii Foreword 1 by: D. C. Saxena ..................................................................xix Foreword 2 by: Ashutosh Upadhyay .......................................................xxi Foreword 3 by: Vijender Mishra ..........................................................xxiii Warning/Disclaimer ...............................................................................xxv About the Senior Editor-in-Chief .........................................................xxvii About Co-Editor Anit Kumar ................................................................xxix About Co-Editor Anil K. Gupta ............................................................xxxi Other Books on Agricultural & Biological Engineering ....................xxxiii Editorial .............................................................................................xxxvii PART I: Emerging Processing Technologies in the Dairy Industry ...1 1. Technology of Ohmic Heating for the Pasteurization of Milk ................3 Asaad Rehman Saeed Al-Hilphy, Haider I. Ali, and Ghassan F. Mohsin 2. Advances in Microwave-Assisted Processing of Milk ............................47 S. S. Shirkole and P. P. Sutar 3. Advancement in the Ghee Making Process ............................................61 Pramod Kumar, Raman Seth, Hitesh Patel, Anit Kumar, Durga Shankar Bunkar, and Mohammed Nayeem 4. Technological Interventions in Kulfi Production: A Review ....................75 Kumaresh Halder, Amit Juneja, Subrota Hati, and Chandan Solanki 5. Hybrid Technology for the Pasteurization of Milk ................................93 Shilpi Singh, Jayeeta Mitra, and Viswanatha Angadi vi Contents PART II: Drying Techniques in the Dairy Industry .........................115 6. Classification of Dried Milk Products ...................................................117 Rachna Sehrawat, Prabhat Kumar Nema, Pramod Kumar, and Anit Kumar 7. Osmotic Dehydration: Principles and Applications in the Dairy Industry .........................................................................................135 Adarsh M. Kalla and Devaraju Rajanna PART III: Energy Conservation: Opportunities in the Dairy Industry ..............................................................................155 8. Food Safety and Management Systems (FSMS): Applications in the Dairy Industry ..............................................................................157 Angadi Viswanatha, C. Ram Kumar, Jayeeta Mitra, and S. S. Roopa 9. Economic Analysis of Milk Marketing: Case Study in Haryana ........177 Anil K. Gupta 10. Dairy Foods: Allergy and Intolerance ...................................................225 Mohammed Nayeem, Gurdeep Rattu, Rohant Dhaka, Ajay Kumar Kashyap, Nishant Kumar, and Pramod Kumar PART IV: Management Systems and Hurdles in the Dairy Industry ................................................................................241 11. Day Lighting in Dairy Farms .................................................................243 Bhavesh B. Chavhan, A. K. Agrawal, C. Sahu, S. S. Chopde, and Adarsh M. Kalla 12. Refrigeration Principles and Applications in the Dairy Industry .....253 A. G. Bhadania 13. Energy Audits and Its Potential as a Tool for Energy Conservation in the Dairy Industry .............................................................................269 A. G. Bhadania Glossary of Technical Terms ..........................................................................283 Index .................................................................................................................291 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Adarsh M. Kalla Department of Dairy Engineering, Dairy Science College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mahagoan Cross, Kalaburagi 585316, Karnataka India. E-mail: [email protected] Ajay Kumar Kashyap Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India Amit Juneja National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028 Haryana, India Angadi Viswanatha Department of Food Microbiology, Agriculture College Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bangalore 573225, India. E-mail: [email protected] Anil K. Gupta Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Anit Kumar Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Asaad Rehman Saeed Al-Hilphy Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah City, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected] Ashok K. Agrawal Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya (CGKV), Raipur 492012 India, E-mail: [email protected] Ashutosh Upadhyay National Institute of Food Tech. Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana India. E-mail: [email protected] Bhavesh B. Chavhan Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Technology Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Udgir, Nagpur 413517, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] C. Ram Kumar Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 573225, India viii List of Contributors C. Sahu Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwa Vidyalaya (CGKV), Raipur 492012, India Chandan Solanki ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana 141001, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected] D. C. Saxena Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, 148106, Sangrur Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected] Devaraju Rajanna Department of Dairy Engineering, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Dairy Science College, Mahagoan Cross, Kalaburagi 585316, Karnataka, India Durga Shankar Bunkar Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India G. Bhadania Department of Dairy Engineering, Sheth M. C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388110, India. E-mail: [email protected] Ghassan F. Mohsin Vocational School, Maysan City, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected] Gurdeep Rattu Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India Haider I. Ali Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basra City, Iraq. Hitesh Patel Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India Jayeeta Mitra Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Kumaresh Halder National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028 Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Megh R. Goyal Retired Faculty in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering from General Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biological Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., USA. E-mail: [email protected] Mohammed Nayeem Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] List of Contributors ix Nishant Kumar Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India P. P. Sutar Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Prabhat Kumar Nema Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana Pramod Kumar Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Rachna Sehrawat Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Raman Seth Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India Rohant Dhaka Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India S. S. Roopa Britannia Industries Ltd., Plot # 23, Bidadi Industrial Area, Bidadi Hobli, Ramanagara 562109 Karnataka, India S. S. Shirkole Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India Santosh S. Chopde Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Technology at Udgir, COVAS Campus, Kavalkhed Road, Udgir 413517 (MS), India Shilpi Singh Food Process Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India. E-mail: [email protected] Subrota Hati SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University (AAU), Anand 388001, Gujarat, India Vijendra Mishra Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Tech. Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India