Topics in Applied Physics 121 Nianjun Yang    Editor Novel Aspects of Diamond From Growth to Applications Second Edition Topics in Applied Physics Volume 121 Series Editors Young Pak Lee, Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of) Paolo M. Ossi, NEMAS - WIBIDI Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Topics in Applied Physics is a well-established series of review books, each of whichpresentsacomprehensivesurveyofaselectedtopicwithinthebroadareaof applied physics. Edited and written by leading research scientists in the field concerned,eachvolumecontainsreviewcontributionscoveringthevariousaspects of the topic. Together these provide an overview of the state of the art in the respective field, extending from an introduction to the subject right up to the frontiers of contemporary research. Topics in Applied Physics is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industrywhowishtoobtainanoverviewandtokeepabreastofadvancesinapplied physics. The series also provides easy but comprehensive access to the fields for newcomers starting research. Contributions are specially commissioned. The Managing Editors are open to any suggestions for topics coming from the community of applied physicists no matter what the field and encourage prospective editors to approach them with ideas. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/560 Nianjun Yang Editor Novel Aspects of Diamond From Growth to Applications Second Edition 123 Editor NianjunYang Institute of Materials Engineering University of Siegen Siegen, Germany ISSN 0303-4216 ISSN 1437-0859 (electronic) Topicsin AppliedPhysics ISBN978-3-030-12468-7 ISBN978-3-030-12469-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12469-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018968532 1stedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 2ndedition:©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland In honor of Prof. Xin Jiang’s contribution to the field of diamond research Dedication to Xin Jiang DedicationtoProf.XinJiang A few months ago, I was asked by the editor of this book “Novel Aspects of Diamond:FromGrowthtoApplications(2ndversion)”,Dr.NianjunYang(Siegen, Germany), to write a dedication note about Prof. Dr. Xin Jiang (University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany), who isone of myfriendssince we met the first time in 1994. At this time, we both got involved into diamond research and development, financedbytheGermanMinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF)withthetitle “Diamond as Electronic Material”. At that time, Xin was employed at Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films (IST), Braunschweig, and recognized as outstanding scientist on diamond nucleation and growth. Our first joint paper was published in the Journal of Diamond and Related Materials (1998, 7, 879–883) about the synthesis and electrical properties of CVD diamond films. Hisvitaisexciting.Prof.Jiangwasbornin1960inShenyang,thelargestCityin Northern China. He was a student at Jilin University and got his Bachelor of Sciencein1983.AfterthathematuredattheInstituteforMetalResearch(CAS)to gethisMaster ofScienceonTitanium-Nitridelayersin1986.In1987,hechanged vii viii DedicationtoXinJiang toGermanybecomingaPh.D.studentattheInstituteforSolidSateResearch(now: Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI)), Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ). His topic was Brillouin scatteringandultralow loadindentationofamorphouscarbon andsilicon thinfilms,supervisedbyProf.PeterGrünbergandProf.KlausReichelt.Forthefirst time, hecombined theBrillouin scattering with nano-indentation methodstostudy the elastic mechanical properties of amorphous thin film materials systematically (JournalofAppliedPhysics,1989,66,4729–4735). After obtaininghis Ph.D. (Dr. rer. nat.) in experimental physics in 1990 from the Technical University Aachen (RWTH-Aachen, Germany), he was promoted to become a project leader and seniorscientistattheFraunhoferInstituteIST,Braunschweig,Germany.InJanuary 1998, he habilitated in the field of “Materials Science” at the Technical University ofBraunschweig(Braunschweig,Germany).Finally,hewasappointedtobecomea Full Professor at the University of Siegen (Siegen, Germany) in March 2003, chairing the Institute of Surface and Material Technology. Withaboutthirtyyearsofexperienceinmaterialscience,heisoneoftheleading experts in CVD diamond nucleation and growth. Meanwhile, he is also covering othertopicslikedepositionofsuper-hardmaterials,formationofnewwidebandgap thin films, surface and interface properties, and nanomaterial science. During his period at Fraunhofer IST, Prof. Jiang was in charge for five BMBF and two European Union (EU) projects in the field of diamond and ceramic materials. In this time, he collaborated with several world leading companies such asDaimler-Benz,Siemens,andPhilips.Herethefocusofresearchwasoptimization of CVD diamond growth where he also published several basic papers on the heteroepitaxial growth of diamond on silicon (Applied Physics Letters 1993, 62, 3438–3440; Diamond and Related Materials 1993, 2, 1112–1113). Up to now, thesepapersarerecognizedasmilestonesinthefieldofdiamondCVDgrowth.This work has been cited several hundred times. The reported process has been widely applied for the preparation of highly oriented CVD diamond films. His electron microscopy investigations on the diamond/Si interface revealed that a direct epi- taxialgrowthofdiamondonSiispossible,inspiteofextremelylargedifferencesof lattice parameter (Applied Physics Letters 1995, 67, 1197–1199). He invented the ion-assisted growth of CVD diamond films using a combination of CVD and ion bombardment to prepare new materials such as nanodiamond and (001)-textured diamond films. Extending these findings, he developed a new method for the for- mation of diamond nanocone tip arrays for sensor and field emission applications (Applied Physics Letters 1996, 68, 1927–1929). He invented novel selective deposition processes for diamond and silicon carbide, triggering the synthesis of diamond/ß-SiC composite films (Applied Physics Letters 1992, 61, 1629–1631). In collaboration with Phillips, he employed newly developed transparent conductive oxide films for display technologies, replacing indium tin oxide by aluminum-doped zinc oxide for applications in organic light-emitting devices (Applied Physics Letters 2003, 83, 1875–1877). DedicationtoXinJiang ix Since March 2003, Prof. Jiang is Full Professor and Chair of the Institute for Surface Engineering and Materials Technology (LOT), University Siegen, Germany. He acquired a variety of projects from DFG (German Research Foundation), BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Germany), andEU.Inthecourseoftheseactivities,heimprovedtheunderstandingaswellas applicationsofnewmaterialsindifferentfields.Heinvestigatedadhesionproblems and developed graded diamond/b-SiC nanocomposites (Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 88, 073109) as well as the growth of monochiral tubular graphite cones (Science2003,300,472;JournalofAmericanChemicalSociety,2007,129,8907). He also addressed chemical/biochemical sensors from diamond and related com- posite films and carbon nanomaterials to extend his activities. Diamond surfaces were functionalized by photochemical approaches (Applied Physics Letters 3009, 95, 143703). More recently, he focused on the growth of nanomaterials and multi-component composites (e.g., diamond, SiC, graphene). He reported for the firsttimeaboutthepreparationofporousdiamondnetworkswithenlargedsurfaces (ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 2015, 7, 5384–5390) and applications of architectural films for catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (Nature communica- tions 2017, 8, 1828), as well as their applications in high-performance superca- pacitors (Advanced Energy Materials 2018, 8, 1702947). Professor Dr. Jiang has invented 32 patents and more than 345 publications, predominantly in highly impacted journals such as Science, Nature Communi- cations, Physical Review Letters, Nano Letters, and Advanced Energy Materials. Thesepapershavebeencitedmorethan8000times.Heisfrequentlyinvitedtogive plenaryandkeynotepresentationsatleadinginternationalconferences.Heservedas editorialboardmemberandguesteditorforavarietyofinternationaljournalsaswell as reviewer of distinguished academic journals and science foundations such as Alexander vonHumboldt(AvH),DFG,andChineseAcademy ofSciences(CAS). Additionally, he is an active member of several scientific organizations and well experienced in scientific administration. The recognition of his work led to numerous international collaborations. He is the awardee of two prestige scholar- ships: the “Changjiang Chair professor” (Ministry of Education, China) and the “1000 Talented Overseas Researcher” (Organization Department of the Central CommitteeofChina,China).HewasinchargeofJointInternationalLaboratoriesat the Dalian University of Technology (Dalian, China) and the Institute of Metal Research,ChineseAcademyofSciences(Shenyang,China),bothgivingrisetoan active scientific exchange betweenGermany and China. UnderthesupervisionofProf.Dr.Jiang,21internationalstudentshavereceived their Ph.D. degree since 2003. Currently, 16 Ph.D. students are members of his team. His graduated Ph.D. students achieved leading scientific positions either as professorsorasseniorscientists.HehostedtworesearchawardeesoftheHumboldt Foundation (Prof. Wenjun Zhang and Prof. Ruiqing Zhang, both with City UniversityofHongKong,China)andseveral DAADscholarstherebybuildingup an international network for young researchers. x DedicationtoXinJiang Professor Dr. Jiang enjoys science and shares his knowledge with numerous colleaguesandstudents.Inhisprivatetime,hetakescareofhisfamilyandspenthis free time to read Chinese history books. I wish Prof. Dr. Xin Jiang all the best for thefuture,tostayingoodhealthandtoenjoysciencesalsointheupcomingyears. Freiburg, Germany Christoph E. Nebel Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics