ETHNOLOGUIRCAAL ICA 3 ETHNOLOGUIRCAAL ICA Editors MihH6O1PyP AI. andJ uhPaE NTIKAINEN Ethnographlcal InstituUtnei veorsfi tHye lsinki ·Hungarian·o fSA ciencacesdemy DepartmoeCofnm tp araRtievlei gion Budapest Helsinki EditoCroimamli ttee LouBisieck ma-Sn� olm CariCorraad l-Mu-sBolognla Ismail -GNeomvuoseivb irsk Galina G-SrachtPe.ev tae rsburg LauHrio n-kTou rku AkHeu ltkr-aSnttzoc kholm L6sKzelresz6t e-sD ebre•ce· ·n Lars-GunLnaarsrs- oUnp psala NikoKloanya -kSoyktyvkavr AbhMaalu ry-aN ew Delhi P6tDeorm ok-Bousd apest TarioO baya-Tsokyoh i OttvooS na dovszky -LoAnsg eles YuriSyi rnchen-kMoo skva Aleksandr Teryuk-oSvt P.e tersburg Urpo Ven-tHoe lsinki AntsV ii-resT allin VilmoVso i-gBtu dapest ManaWbaui dEad m-onton ETHNOLOGICUARA UCA ani nternapetionriodailca lfo rU ralic studiiesne thnologfyo,l klore anmdy thology Accepteadb breviEaUtiRo n: NORTHERRENL IGIONS ANDS HAMANISM Editebdy MihalHoppya / and JuhPae ntlkalnen Budapest Akad6mKilaaid 6 Helsinki FinnLiisthe rSaotcuireet y 1992 Covpeirc twuerretesa kfreonm JohanSncehse ffeLraupsp'o (n1l6c7a3 ). ISSOH5-N7 408 ISB9N57 1177232 ISB96N3 0 5139 83 199©2 M.H oppaanlJd . P entlk(aEldnietno rs) Typography by PP Editors,L td.B udapest Printed by Akaprlnt,L tdB.uda pest 9220641 NORTHERRENL IGIONS ANDS HAMANISM TheR egioCnoanlfe renocfte h len ternaUonal AssociathtieoH ni sotfoo fRry e ligions SelePcatpeersd CONTENTS LiosfPt a rticipa.n t.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v.i .i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introductionb yJ .Pe ntlkl/.ne n. . . . . . . . . . . . .I x. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part1 M-ythR,e llgalnoSdnoc ,i ety Napolskikh,V V.. P:r oto-UWrortda lPiictcu reA:R econstruction . . . . . . . . . . . 3 BerthaA,.M :y tahnd R ealIintt heAy n cieCnutl toufther eNot1hem Peoples . . .2 1. . NapolskVlV.kh. ,T:h eU ralBiacck groundt oan U dmuSrta afflce: An AtteamtRp ete dMythologiingca l Texts. ...............2.6. .. AnttonenV,.T :h eC oncoefp' tp yhl'(sacredi)nP re-ChrisFtiiannn Rielsihg ion. ..3 1 LovisIz.S,:a cred LanguaangeSd e a-eStpeech . . . . . . . . . 3.9 . . . . . . . . . NagIyH.,u: n gaCrrieaanLt eigone nd.s . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . Iyi/nsI,V. . ':T ikliths'eFi olnkB elioefthefs K omlP eople . . . . . .. .... 50 . . . . BerthaE,.P :e asaEncott ypeosfF olkR eligi.on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 CzllveJk,. D:e aatnhEd t hni.ci t.y . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . UtrlalnenT.,:T hSee manotiftcs h Doeu ble BIunriaK a alr elFiuaneranl R it.e . 6.7 . HelvHe.R,:e ligAitotuistV uadleueassnd,, Wortd Views: AS tuadmyo nCgo ntemporYaouryn gF in.n.s. ............7.3. .. HanseHn.G, . P:r esenWto-rlddavyai meownW ge sGreenlatnd lc Inu.i t. . . 8.5 . . . Maries-DaueNn.-h Ra.Du aeure,n hSapiurietr:Aspectsu al ofT liOrantoryg it. . .90 . BlaLck.R,:u ssOirtahnod oIxynAl ask.a. .................1.00. .. ZachrlsIs.Co:an n, Grave Cbeu Tsatkomoesvn er b yO ne Ethnic Group from Another..?. ...........................1.08. . EmitEs.,T:he P urposaend C onteonft Ptehtrogel ypIhnths eO negRaeg ion. .1 .1 5 Part2 S-hamanism Corradi-MuCsi.S,:u pernatHueraroels I nF l�UgrlSch amani.s.m. .....1.2 7 Hamyons,R .G:a maen d Games, aFortundDun alei sImnS iberiaSnha manism . 134 HultkrantAz,.A :spect so fS aami(L ap)Sp haman.i.s.m. .........1.38. . Saladdi'Anng lureB,.R :e thinIkniuSnihgta manTihsrmou tghhCe once pto f 'ThGierdn de.l' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hop�I.M. P:a iinnS hamaInniicti a.t.i.on. .................1.5.1 KhrushcheBvs.T,:ra ceso fS hamanIithensm U dmuErtth nTirca di.ti on. . 1.58 . . Polttila,B .T:h Ce osmologyo fF innSihsahm anFiolskPti oectr y. ........1.66 KatjalMa.,As: pects oft hOteh eWro rtidnI riFsolhTk r adi.t. i o.n . . . 1.7 6. . . . MacJk.,S: h ettaFnidn n--meInn terpretoafStions h aman.i.s.m.?. ....1.8.1 SommarstrOm, B.S:h amaniasnmPd a ranormal PercepItn. ion theS aami Tra.d.i.ti.o.n. ....................... .1.88 HameSr.,D- W.. W. Tryon:P sychoi mmunoogllcaElff ectosf Shamanic D.ru.m.m.i.n.g. ..................1.96. ... Nameen Sdu jbectI ndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IAH1R9 90 REGIONCAOLN FERENONCC EI RCUMPOLAR ANDN ORTHERRENL IGION HelslFniknllM,aa ny1d 3-,1 199,9 0 LISOTFP ARTICIPANTS AfonlLnaa,r (iUsaS SR) GouletJ,e an-(GCuayn ada) AlpJientmenl, (USSA) GrlslundAn,ne-So fie (Sweden) AnttonVeeni,k( kFoi nland) HamayoRno,be rt(eF rance) AtknlVnl,k( tUorS SR) HansKleanu,(s D enmark) AusteRrloibetzrt(, U SA) HameSra,n d(rUaS A) BaiL,a( nC hina) HelssWlagl,th (eGre rmany) BarmicMh.,Y( aU.S SR) Helssig-Scheer, Annemarie (Germany) BarthaAn,t a(lH ungary) HelmsP,ed er( Denmark) Bartha, El(eHku ngary) HelmsS,a r(aD enmark) Bickman, Loui(seS weden) Helve, He(lenaF inland) BlezupL,a u(raU .K.) Hoppt\lM,i h(l\Hluyn gary) Bladt, Lydi(aU SA) Horwitz, Jonath(aDenn mark) Boyko, Vladi(mUiSrS R) Hultkrantz,Ake(Sweden) Bula1Noadvadaj,a (USSR) HuttunHeann,n u-(PFeikkan land) BulgakTov(.aU ,SS R) HuuskonMean�,(u Fti nland) Cohen,Al a(n U.K.) llylnal,re (nU SSR) DauenhNaorau er(,U SA) InoueK,oi ch(lJ apan) DauenhaRuicharde r(,U SA) lrlmoto,T akashl( Japan) Oour1ey,John(Canada) JohanseTnor,e( Norway) Orobin,U l(fS weden) JunnonahoM,a rtt!( Finland) Drozdov, N.( USSR) Jlrvinenl,rma- Ril(tFtian land) Drozdova, L(.U SSR) KarjalaM,a tt(iF inland) EnglW,u ( China) Kim,T ae-gon (Korea) EmitEsm(, E stonia) KlelvIanng,e (Denmark) Geertz,Arm in( Denmark) KoivMaa, re( Estonia) GemueIvs,m( aUiSlS R) KonakovN,l k(olUaSlS R) Gerasimova, Di(nUaS SR) KoskarevNaa,t a(lUjSaS R) GIibeRrolg(f,D enmark) KovgaJne,le (naU SSR) GlrfanovAlabi,na ( USSR) LaitiTleauvo(, F inland) viii LldegMaaadrd(s,De nmark) Saladdi'nAn glBernaurdre , (Canada) Lovlilsrz(6,Hn u ngary) SapoL,ea ( Finland) LundmBaor( kS,w eden) SarmelMaa,t( tiF inland) MacJka,n (eI reland) Sa,vM,i k(kE stonia) MarkkuHlaarr(,iF inland) SelisaaErv,(e E stonia) MastromRaotmtaenoi ,( Italy) SemenoVvl,k tor (USSR) MerilaAinnne(enFl,il n land) SeppAnJeounk,(o F inland) MousalimSa.sA(,.U .K) ShestJaulvoavn, (USSR) MulIkn,g a-(MSawriead en) Sjoblom, Tom( Finland) MullIenrg,(ri Dde nmark) SkribnJielke,n( aU SSR) MundEallse,( Norway) SommarstrOm, Bo( Sweden) NagIyl,o (nHau ngary) SorokinaI,ri n(aU SSR) NasstrBormi,t t(-SMwaerdie n) StraNdorberte ,( Denmark) Nesanelis(,U SDSiRm)i tri SuprunV,l adimir (USSR) NlkklPleart,(t Fli nland) Tamsi-JoeAnisn(uoFu i,n land) ObayaTsahryi(o,J apan) Ta�Mrli.r1 (aH ungary) OgiharSah,i n(kJoa pan) TeryukAo.v(I,U. S SR) PapeJro,rd a(nC anada) TvengsPbeer(rgN ,orw ay) Pellikk(aF,i nllsamnod ) UtriaiTneerh(niF, i nland) PentikJiuihn(aeF ni,n land) VaikmIave(a,Er s tonia) PesoneHne,i (kFkiin land) VeresP,� t(eHru ngary) PetersReonbe,rt( Denmark) VlluEojhaa(, E stonia) PolttBirli(atF,ai nland) Pye, Michael (Germany) VorrenO,m ul(vN orway) RaudvEelrlee rstrom, Wada,K an( Poland) Catharina (Sweden) WeidaK,y ok(oC anada) SaaErd,g (aErs tonia) WeidMaa,n a(buC anada) Saastamoliln(poeF ni,n land) Z8chri880n,I nger( Sweden) SadovsOztktvyoo, (n U SA) ZollEal,e m(iIrtea ly) Introduction NorthePrne opletsh FeoI cnu osfR ellgSltouudsi es By JubaP entlkllnen TheB ackgrofo tuhnSedt uCdonfeyre nce Thedecision toorg anizeth isreg ional study conference on Northern Religwasion made bythe GeneAraslse mbloyfth eI nternationaAssociationl forthe Hstoryi of ReligiIonns Sydn,Ae uystraIln1i 985a.,I nteresetinngo ugtheh ,Asse mbly othef I.A.oHn.i Rtsfirs. t vlts"ol thetU nknownSou thern Territory" ,ca lledth eAntipode s Tore rreA ustralia lncognlta bythe writerso fth eAn tiquityi,nd icatIedtswi s hto become orientedwith the problems of another unknownl anTdhe.focu s ofth is conference lIathen north where the mythical Tenah ypert,on,a lncognlte,"The UnknownTerritory Inthe North", habeesn located. Therece nt deelopmev nto nou rg lobeh assh ownt hattheAsse mbly madea wi9e decisionI.nt hecou rse ofthe pasfitve y eathers ,ecolog icalpol,i tical andcu ltuprarobllem s ofthe North havbecoeme the Issues of currenti nteareslovertl thewon d.One conaete manifestation is thereport of theBru ndtland Commissionwhich considers the pollution ofthe Arctic environmeonen to fthe biggest ttv'eats leaditngoa poesl bleeoocatastrophe inothfi ng Idonse . TheArcti c Ocean Iexperienceds asa ki ndo fthe Mediterranean Seao fou re raO.n one handi,it ones of thes tiulnlu sedresou rces ofou rp labunetta sa na turala rea either alreadywou nded or very hurtablaesf aars the ecolog icabla laoncen ou rg lobe Is concerned. Onthe other, ihta sbee n thestrateg icm ilibaset arywith greapolti tical lntefests. The question ofi tsa rmament or disarmamenntucl.e aorr not'HIUdear zones belong tothe k elyu uesI nprese ntdlanytematlonal politics. One ofth emo strece ntm anifestoafthet icuorrennstN orthern trend Isthe formation ofth enew internationbodayl calltedh Arctice StatesI.cont si stso fthe eighcoutn tries hangvi theC ircumpol • Zone insidiets bord ers: the USSRthe, U nitSedt aotfeAmerica s , Canada andth efive Nordic countries: Denmark,I celaNndorw,a y,Sweden and Finland. The IAH.R. CSontferenceud y InH elsi1n990k iI sone ofth ef inlt sotfeth ipss cooperation which surely wilpromotel themutual understandingof theprobl ems oft he Northboth insidea ndou tside theS tatesArctic. X Thia conferen0e hasbee n made poaalble by the IOffllc9001 support of theGovem ment ofF inlwhainchhad s bee n allocatthedrou ghth eM iniostryfE ducatTihoilnafora. the second timewh en the regionsatlu codyn feroetfncehe d istingiunitsehedrn asocitioentya l ofth e scholarsof religlionaasrra ngeidFn i nlTahndfirse.t co nferedncee alwiingthth e methodology ofthe dlaciplwalsnaucceas ef ullyheld In Tiur1<1.In1 97T3ha.proceed ings were publishIedthn e hugvoleu me othef lmpo,tantjou rnal of ourd iscipliRneelig,ion end Reason. Inth eh latofy ofthe IAH.thRi.confes,rence wilremali n thefirs tg reateerncou nter between the scholars orelfi gionfrom theE aasntWd ea lI wats I n the AsseGemnerablly ofthe I.A.IHn1. 9R7I.5Ln a ncastPerorfM,.i chaPelye a ndm ysweelrefg ivaes npecial duttyo p romotIen ternationcoanlt actsbe tweenW estaenrnEd a stscholearnrs .I Itnows timeto dlscuataogether althleprob lemso fArctic RefigLieonut.scong ratulautstoe havtheis speci alopportu nity tjoo tiodna iytn h coinsfe re'nItcenh S ep iorfHi etl sinki'. Thiialssso a h istmeeoriticangl oft hdei stinguacaidsehmeirdce presenoftth aet ives Nofthem Peoplethemselsv es andth eschol ars interIetnsh teveiadrl a uneredsl igions. Thearretwoe histroriecaalson tsoa rranthgese t ucondfeyr enIceHn e lsIin1n 990k.i Thecon fereInsace pa rto fth ea cademipcr ogroaftm he 3 50tha nnivefsary ofthe UniveorsfHi etlysfo iunndedk ib,yP etBerarhe I n1 640. Thes tucodnyf ereancel soco incidweistt hh20th e annlvefsary ofthe chaiarn d Department ofCo mparatRievlei egsitoanbl,ai tths ehU endi veorsfHi etyl sIin1n 9k7i0 . EveInni nternatcoimopnaarilsoth ni,ds e partmheanastu niqlunet erfaculpositiont y because ittse acahnesdrst udreepnresetsn ttwo schools. They oarer become either candidaltlecesn,c ori doctaorst eoafh umanori dtiievsi nity. Thet opoithfce con ferenIceNs o rthaendrnC ircumpolaRre liIgcoutiold n a.l hsoa ve been writteinnt hpel uforarml,i accordan nce witthh vea luaartibcllwrittenee byP rof. AkeH ultkrthea nhonoratzry, member otfheO rganiCzomamtiiotnfort eet,hProgra em Bookleto thfi consf erence":Arctic anCdi rcumpolRaelri gions". wriA.t eHmasun,ltkray n tz overlappingh acovbeenence putseds I thni cosn teexvteI nns cienltiitfieract ure. 'ArctIisdc e'ri vfrome dth eG reworde k arlctos meanthoisnge geog raphicaaln d mythicarelg ionsw ewhrsieuch p posed tobe situuantdteehdrse t aorsft hGer eBeaatr . Inb ioscientcehsconcei,ps t haosft en beetnog eutswiheted'hr S ubaarndcI thtia cs' , referrteocd e rtacliinm abottiacna,ind cz oologicalci rcumstantceypsio caflth eArctic environHmuegnBhtr sod.ey m phasthiathtze ebi sol ogyo fth eN ortihbos t hri chearn d more dependoenn tt he colhda usths aunabee lnIl ttyh ouIgArctnhi tc.ci rcumstances everythiiresnl ga tteoed v erythinsgu cathneo x ttehnatt drawibetweenng borderlines ecological,soci alcu,l tuorra rle ligious ipashl ewnaaoysrme tniafi cial. Withth ecliars smiycatlh olaognmidodca elm e cologicaconln otatthiecono cenpst ofs Arctic anSdu baracreqt uiivcta elt iooldsI n rellglo-scieInncutifl lct ustaraunlda iesl ysis. thaeryve e urys ebecafuuls et haelyrso e tfaoecert ra ilni sfteylwh ei cIhfs ou nIdsn i milar ecological circumstwahnecethorse n ro tth ey arwiet hltiocahnCte ie rcudm polazron e. Ilttha e npos sibfloree ,x amtposl paea,ak bou tca .7 0Arc ticucl tuorerpeops l ess haring the hardostfhh iArcept sici cr cumstoannth ceegs l obe. 'Circumpoldaoesr' n onte cessamreialenyxs a cthtlesay me tha'nArcti c'II.tcls ea rly relattedoth eP olRaegri oanndsth ea resausrro undingI itthvs ee mryu. se fIuncom­l parative studiipneh se,n omenologyo refl igion particularty. 'Northeorncof'u ,rse ,i asg eographicocanlce pItcln.a ssliicatlera mythologyt ure, and folklore isti mhplays meanetx o'thtoeitc Ouh tesr'i:'d ueas n''d ou sarfe hemisphere' there iasd iffelreannitthnd e m ythicaNlo rtIhnr. e cednitscu ssifono,er x amipnthl ee SovietU nionorthernn , Identityh abecomes extremiemlportayn ftor ' narodov se\19raI'n theirco mmon battlfeor.th eiecorno micpo,l itisocicaall, and cultuFraorgle ttirnigg,h ts.