North American Agroforestry 3rd Edition 00000055220044556666..IINNDDDD 11 1122//0099//22002211 1122..4455..4488 PPMM EDITORS Missouri; D. Evan Mercer, Southern Research Station, Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold USDA Forest Service; Joshua J. Millspaugh, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana; John F. Munsell, College of Natural Resources CONTRIBUTORS and Environment, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Janaki R. R. Alavalapati, School of Forestry and University; Joseph N. Orefice, Forest & Agricultural Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University; James A. Allen, Operations, Yale University School of Forestry & School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University; Environmental Studies; Gabriel J. Pent, College of Stephen H. Anderson, School of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute University of Missouri; J. Arbuckle, Department of and State University; P. K. Ramachandran Nair, School of Sociology, Iowa State University; Carla Barbieri, College Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida; of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University; Richard C. Schultz, College of Agriculture and Life Gary Bentrup, USDA National Agroforestry Center, Sciences, Iowa State University; Peter L. Schultz, Target, Lincoln, Nebraska; Thomas W. Bonnot, School of Natural Inc., Headquarters; John H. Schulz, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; James R. Brandle, Resources, University of Missouri; Steven H. Sharrow, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska; Oregon State University; William W. Simpkins, Dave Brauer, Conservation and Production Research Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Iowa State University; Lorena Soto-Pinto, El Colegio Louise E. Buck, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, de LA Frontera Sur; Erik Stanek, Balzac Brothers & Cornell University; Catherine J. Bukowski, Virginia company, Charlston; Eugene Takle, Department of Polytechnic Institute and State University; Dirk Burhans, Agronomy, Iowa State University; Naresh V. Thevathasan, U.S. Forest Service, University of Missouri; Zhen Cai, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph; School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Ranjith P. Udawatta, School of Natural Resources, Michaela M. “Ina” Cernusca, North Dakota State University of Missouri; Corinne B. Valdivia, College of University; J. L. Chamberlain, USDA Forest Service; Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Terry R. Clason, Agricultural Center, Louisiana State Missouri; W. D. “Dusty” Walter, College of Agriculture, University; Brent R. W. Coleman, School of Environmental Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Sciences, University of Guelph; Dean Current, Center for Eric E. Weber, School of Natural Resources, University of Integrated Natural Resource and Agricultural Management, Missouri; Kevin J. Wolz, Savannah Institute; Mario Yanez, University of Minnesota; John Davis, Applied Ecology, Overtown Foodworks Office, Inhabit Earth; Lisa Zabek, North Carolina State University; Daniel C. Dey, U.S. Forest Interior of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture; Service, University of Missouri; Stewart A. W. Diemont, Xinhua Zhou, Campbell Scientific, Logan, Utah College Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York; J. H. Fike, School of Plant EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE Environmental Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute American Society of Agronomy and State University; Cornelia B. Flora, Department of Crop Science Society of America Sociology, Iowa State University; Jie Gao, San Jose State Soil Science Society of America University; Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, School of Natural 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801, USA Resources, University of Missouri; Larry D. Godsey, Division of Business, Missouri Valley College; SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Michael A. Gold, School of Natural Resources, University Jeffrey J, Volenec (ASA), P.V. Vara Prasad (CSSA), and of Missouri; Andrew M. Gordon, School of Environmental April L. Ulery (SSSA) Sciences, University of Guelph; Stephen C. Grado, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University; SOCIETY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Robert K. Grala, College of Forest Resources, Kathleen M. Yeater (ASA), C. Wayne Smith (CSSA), and Mississippi State University; Hannah L. Hemmelgarn, Craig Rasmussen (SSSA) School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Eric J. Holzmueller, College of Agricultural Sciences, BOOK AND MULTIMEDIA PUBLISHING Southern Illinois University; Thomas M. Isenhart, College COMMITTEE of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University; Girisha Ganjegunte, Chair Guillermo Jimenez-Ferrer, El Colegio de LA Frontera Fugen Dou Sur; Shibu Jose, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural David Fang Resources, University of Missouri; Robert J. Kremer, Shuyu Liu School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Gurpal Toor James P. Lassoie, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University; Teng Teeh Lim, College of Agriculture, DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Matt Wascavage Chung-Ho Lin, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Sarah T. Lovell, School of Natural Resources, BOOKS STAFF University of Missouri; Robert L. McGraw, College of Richard Easby, Managing Editor Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Pamm Kasper, Copy Editor 00000055220044556666..IINNDDDD 22 1122//0099//22002211 1122..4455..4488 PPMM North American Agroforestry 3rd Edition Edited by Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold 00000055220044556666..IINNDDDD 33 1122//0099//22002211 1122..4455..4488 PPMM Copyright © 2022 American Society of Agronomy. All rights reserved. Copublication by American Society of Agronomy and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edition History American Society of Agronomy, Inc. (1e, 2000 and 2e, 2009) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to reuse material from this title is available at http://wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy of completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The publisher is not providing legal, medical, or other professional services. Any reference herein to any specific commercial products, procedures, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favored status by the ASA, CSSA and SSSA. The views and opinions of the author(s) expressed in this publication do not necessarily state or reflect those of ASA, CSSA and SSSA, and they shall not be used to advertise or endorse any product. Editorial Correspondence: American Society of Agronomy 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711- 58011, USA agronomy.org Registered Offices: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products, visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on- demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Garrett, H. E., editor. | Jose, Shibu, editor. | Gold, Michael Alan, editor. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher. Title: North american agroforestry / edited by Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold. Description: 3rd edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021052140 (print) | LCCN 2021052141 (ebook) | ISBN 9780891183778 (hardback) | ISBN 9780891183846 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9780891183839 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Agroforestry–United States. | Forest management–United States. Classification: LCC S494.5.A45 N69 2022 (print) | LCC S494.5.A45 (ebook) | DDC 634.9/9–dc23/eng/20211028 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052140 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052141 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Farm at the University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources in New Franklin, Missouri; © University of Missouri Set in 9/11pt Palatino by Straive, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 00000055220044556666..IINNDDDD 44 1122//0099//22002211 1122..4455..4488 PPMM Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix SECTION I AGROFORESTRY FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 — Agroforestry as an Integrated, Multifunctional Land Use Management Strategy 3 Shibu Jose, Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Michael A. Gold, James P. Lassoie, Louise E. Buck, and Dean Current 2 — Agroforestry Nomenclature, Concepts and Practices 27 Michael A. Gold and Harold E. “Gene” Garrett 3 — An Agroecological Foundation for Temperate Agroforestry 43 Brent R. W. Coleman, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Andrew M. Gordon, and P. K. Ramachandran Nair 4 — Tree–Crop Interactions in Temperate Agroforestry 67 Shibu Jose and Eric J. Holzmueller SECTION II AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES 89 5 — Windbreak Practices 91 James R. Brandle, Eugene Takle, and Xinhua Zhou 6 — Silvopasture Practices 127 Gabriel J. Pent, J. H. Fike, Joseph N. Orefice, Steven H. Sharrow, Dave Brauer, and Terry R. Clason 7 — Alley Cropping Practices 163 Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Kevin J. Wolz, W. D. “Dusty” Walter, Larry D. Godsey, and Robert L. McGraw 8 — Riparian and Upland Buffer Practices 205 Richard C. Schultz, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Thomas M. Isenhart, and William W. Simpkins Illustrated by Peter L. Schultz, Roland, IA 9 — Forest Farming Practices 281 J. L. Chamberlain, John Davis, and John F. Munsell v 00000055220044556677..IINNDDDD 55 1122//0099//22002211 1122..3366..0055 PPMM 10 — Urban Food Forests and Community Agroforestry Systems 315 John F. Munsell, Catherine J. Bukowski, Mario Yanez, and James A. Allen SECTION III AGROFORESTRY BENEFITS 337 11 — Vegetative Environmental Buffers for Air Quality Benefits 339 Chung-Ho Lin, Eric E. Weber, W. D. “Dusty” Walter, Teng Teeh Lim, and Harold E. “Gene” Garrett 12 — Agroforestry for Soil Health 355 Ranjith P. Udawatta, Stephen H. Anderson, Robert J. Kremer, and Harold E. “Gene” Garrett 13 — Managing for Wildlife in Agroforestry 387 Thomas W. Bonnot, Joshua J. Millspaugh, John H. Schulz, Dirk Burhans, Daniel C. Dey, and W. D. “Dusty” Walter 14 — Agroforestry at the Landscape Level 417 Sarah T. Lovell, Gary Bentrup, and Erik Stanek SECTION IV HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF AGROFORESTRY 437 15 — Agroforestry Product Markets and Marketing 439 Zhen Cai, Michael A. Gold, Michaela M. “Ina” Cernusca, and Larry D. Godsey 16 — Agroforestry Economics and Policy 469 Zhen Cai, Larry D. Godsey, D. Evan Mercer, Robert K. Grala, Stephen C. Grado, and Janaki R. R. Alavalapati 17 — Human and Institutional Dimensions of Agroforestry 489 Corinne B. Valdivia, Michael A. Gold, Carla Barbieri, Jie Gao, and Cornelia B. Flora 18 — An Overview of Agroforestry and its Relevance in the Mexican Context 521 Stewart A. W. Diemont, Lorena Soto-Pinto, and Guillermo Jimenez-Ferrer 19 — Agroforestry Education and Training 543 Hannah L. Hemmelgarn and Michael A. Gold Index 555 vi 00000055220044556677..IINNDDDD 66 1122//0099//22002211 1122..3366..0055 PPMM Preface Perhaps more so than at any time in the history of mankind, we are faced with problems that threaten our very existence. Climate change, regard- less of its cause, is resulting in unprecedented changes in events ranging from dramatic shifts in world weather patterns and the consequences thereof, to the melting of the earth’s glaciers and its ultimate effects on world populations. Humanity has become a victim of its own success. We have conquered the wilderness, and in our attempt to meet the needs of the world’s ever- growing population, we have endangered many of the ecosystem services upon which our livelihood depends. Our streams and rivers are contaminated with sediment, nutrients and pesticides, mostly products of our success in producing more food at cheaper prices, but also from the privileges success brings such as subdivisions with luxuri- ous lawns requiring large amounts of agrochemicals. Our oceans become the final destination for these and other contaminants, and in combina- tion with the warming of their waters, our oceans too are in a transition towards endangered. With today’s understanding of the consequences of current land- use sys- tems, it is time for a new approach—a lternatives must be found. One alternative that was quickly adopted in tropical regions in the 1970’s and 80’s but has been slower in gaining support in the temperate regions of the world, is agroforestry. Agroforestry exploits the positive interactions between trees and crops (including livestock) when they are carefully designed and integrated, they bridge the gap between production agri- culture and natural resource management. Supported by four decades of research and demonstration agroforestry practices have been found to provide environmentally and economically sound alternatives to many of our unsustainable forestry and agricultural systems. While if offers opportunities for small farms to regain their relevance and viability it also provides humanity the opportunity to heal our planet by construc- tively addressing climate change, improving the quality of our air, our waters, and protecting and enhancing soil health. The 3rd edition of North American Agroforestry-- An Integrated Science and Practice (now shortened to North American Agroforestry) comes at a critical time as the nations of the world debate the pros and cons of mak- ing forestry and agriculture production system decisions based more on economics than on the future health of our planet. In addition to updat- ing the topics found in the 2nd edition, this edition adds to the science with a new 6th practice of “Urban Food Forests” and chapters on: Agroforestry for Air Quality Benefits; Agroforestry for Soil Health; Agroforestry at the Landscape Level; An Overview of Agroforestry and its Relevance in the Mexican Context and Agroforestry Training and Education. The chapter authors are all recognized authorities. Their writings, when taken collectively, are meant to provide a state- of- the- art understanding vii 00000055220044556688..IINNDDDD 77 1122//0099//22002211 1122..3388..4488 PPMM of agroforestry. Agroforestry is rapidly becoming recognized as a science that has great merit in helping address many of our nations’ environmen- tal problems while serving to the economic benefit of our nations’ small farms. Harold E. “Gene” Garrett School of Natural Resources The Center for Agroforestry University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Shibu Jose College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Michael A. Gold School of Natural Resources The Center for Agroforestry University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri viii 00000055220044556688..IINNDDDD 88 1122//0099//22002211 1122..3388..4488 PPMM Acknowledgments The 3rd edition of North American Agroforestry would not have been possible were it not for the assistance of two supporting co-editors in the preparation of the 1st edition. The current editors express their thanks to W. J. “Bill” Rietveld and R. F. “Dick” Fisher for making this 3rd edition possible. Many hours are spent preparing chapters of the nature found in this text, as is also the case for reviewers who give freely of their time. The editors wish to extend a very special thanks to the authors and dedi- cated reviewers for their contributions. We also are grateful to Caroline Todd at the University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry for the logisti- cal support she provided during this project. The senior editor would be remiss if he did not acknowledge his wife, Joyce, who provided guidance and computer skills in revising and for- matting chapters. Without her very capable assistance and encourage- ment, his job as a co-editor would have been many times more difficult. And last but not least, to the many contributors to the temperate zone, agroforestry literature, the editors express acknowledgement and appre- ciation for a job well done! This work is partially supported by the University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry and USDA ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farm Research Center, Agreement number 58-6020-6-001 from the USDA ARS. ix 00000055220044556699..IINNDDDD 99 1122//0099//22002211 1122..4422..1133 PPMM Section I Agroforestry Fundamentals North American Agroforestry, Third Edition. Edited by Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold. © 2022 American Society of Agronomy. 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