Published by the History Graduate Student Association in cooperation with the University of North Alabama North Alabama Historical Review Volume 4, 2014 Editors: Jesse Brock John Clinton Harris Casey Mills Thanks, Kayla Scott, John Clinton Harris, Dr. Jeffrey Bibbee, Dr. George Makowski, Dr. Matthew Schoenbachler, Dr. Ansley Quiros, Dr. Carolyn Barske and Mrs. Martha Frances Graham. This volume is dedicated to the late Dr. Larry Nelson. The image on the front cover is of Lagrange Military College, which was nicknamed the “West Point of the South.” More information? For submission information please email [email protected]. Contents World History The Last Native Prince of Wales Andrew Finch To Keep His Subjects Low: A Machiavellian Interpretation of Henry VII John Clinton Harris A Revolutionary Gathering: The World’s Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 Katherine Griffin United States History Covaulting Religion: Anne Newport Royall Meets the Cumberland Presbyterians in Alabama Michael Strickland Power of Masculinity Layla Talley The Early History of the United States Space Program Craig Stover The American Civil War To Make War on Cotton: The Opportunities of Imperial Geography and the British Textile Industry Clint Alley The Battle of Shiloh Kayla Scott The War the South Won: Northwest Tennessee and the Birth of Jim Crow Stephanie Sellers Institutional Contributions ‘God and the Devil on an equal plane’: School Desegregation, Private Education and Engel vs. Vitale Dr. Ansley Quiros Notes from the Field: Sulphur Creek Trestle Preservation Project Dr. Carolyn Barske Dr. Larry Nelson Tribute Remembering Dr. Nelson John Clinton Harris and Casey Mills Coming To America Dr. Larry Nelson World History The Last Native Prince of Wales Andrew Finch It is tradition in British royalty that the firstborn son of the reigning monarch receives the title “Prince of Wales”. Prince Charles, who is the son of Queen Elizabeth II, currently holds the title. All who hold the title must be of an English family and the English crown. However, at one time, there were princes of Wales who were of Welsh descent. The holders of the title “Prince of Wales” did not become completely English until around the year 1415. This is when the last Welsh-born Prince of Wales vanished. This man, who brought almost all of Wales under his control, was Owain Glyndŵr. Owain Glyndŵr, occasionally anglicized as “Owen Glendower”, was born sometime between 1349 and 1359 in the northeast of Wales, in what today would be in either the county of Powys or Wrexham. One might say that Owain’s destiny was determined before he was even born. John Davies notes that “Owain Glyn Dŵr was born about 1354, and there were by the 1380s men in Wales who were grooming him for the role of the second Cadwaladr.”1 Cadwaladr was a great Prince of Wales who was romanticized in stories by the scribe Geoffrey of Monmouth. Those who knew Owain felt that he was to take the position of Cadwaladr and rule Wales as a great warrior, pushing back the English from the borders. This expectation of Owain came in part from a prophecy, supposedly of Merlin, recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth. In this 1 John Davies, A History of Wales (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 189. prophecy, it is said there will be “a Wolf that will come out of the West, who will begin war against the aforesaid Mole in his side.”2 In this supposed prophecy, the “wolf” is perceived to be Owain Glyndŵr, while the “mole” is perceived to be Henry IV, the King of England who would fight Owain in a number of battles. Owain Glyndŵr was descended from a line of kings of Powys and Deheubarth, so he was expected to live up to his family’s history of kingship. However, even those who knew this could not anticipate just how much of Wales he would bring under his control. Owain Glyndŵr spent the first forty years of his life in anonymity, not claiming any English land or challenging Henry IV. This changed in 1400, when Glyndŵr was proclaimed the rightful “Prince of Wales” by a small group of his friends and family. After this, the small group raided a number of the lands of north-east Wales controlled by the English, along with other towns such as Ruthin, Rhuddlan, Flint, Denbigh, and Oswestry.3 However, these first attacks would be short-lived, ultimately unsuccessful, and unfortunately harmful to the nation of Wales as a whole. Henry IV led a short attack in Wales that took back a number of towns. While Henry IV was not able to capture Owain, he did quell Owain’s rebellious attacks for the next few years. Henry IV further reacted by confiscating much of Owain’s land, as noted in Henry IV’s proclamation on 8 November 1400, “Confiscation of Owain’s Lands”. He states that “Be it known that we, by our special grace, have given and granted to our beloved brother John, earl of Somerset, all the 2 “Prophecy of Six Kings,” in Owain Glyndŵr: A Casebook, ed. Michael Livingston and John K. Bollard (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013), 11. 3 Graham J. Jones, The History of Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1998), 42. manors, lands, and tenements that previously belonged to Owain Glyndŵr, both in South Wales and North Wales…on account of the high treason against our royal majesty…”4 However, this was not the end of Henry IV’s actions in Wales. Henry IV was not satisfied to simply punish Owain and his followers - Henry chose to persecute Wales as a whole for these perceived acts of treason. In response to the uprising, large amounts of money were demanded from the Welsh population. In 1401 certain laws were passed that prohibited Welsh citizens from obtaining land in England or in the numerous English towns within Wales. Welsh citizens were also prohibited from being enrolled as representatives of municipalities (burgesses), while the English were protected from being convicted by Welshmen in Wales.5 These actions against the entirety of Wales, along with the rebellious actions of Glyndŵr himself, encouraged more Welshmen to join Owain’s revolt against English rule. Welshmen living in Wales were not the only ones to join Owain. Many Welshmen in England were returning home to their families and joining Glyndŵr. An account taken down in the London Parliament on 21 February 1401 notes that “now Welsh scholars who had been residing in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge had left for their country; and that also Welsh labourers who had been living in various parts of the English realm had suddenly fled the said realms for their same country of Wales, and had strongly equipped themselves with arms, bows, arrows and swords and other weapons of war, such as 4 “Henry IV, Confiscation of Owain’s Lands” in Owain Glyndŵr: A Casebook, ed. Michael Livingston and John K. Bollard (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013), 35. 5 Jones, The History of Wales, 42. they had not done at any time since the conquest of Wales.”6 The increased number of people supporting Owain, along with the increased number of weapons, were great inspiration in the second, much more successful revolt of Owain Glyndŵr. With an increased number of followers and motivation, Owain began to attack various Welsh towns, taking over a great portion of north Wales from English rulers. The Welsh were known to completely ransack areas controlled by the English. They destroyed churches, homes, livestock, and various other pieces of property owned by Englishmen. The Welsh fighters were originally keen to avoid pitched battles (battles where both sides agree beforehand on a location for the fight to take place), preferring random attacks, which would keep the English from having any advantage.7 However, pitched battles were not always possible to avoid. Throughout the year 1401, Owain predominately attacked castles and other forts held by the English. Owain seized Conwy Castle near Easter of 1401, and held that while he attacked other castles of north Wales such as Caernarfon and Harlech. Owain also used this time to seek out help from other countries, and even within England itself. He made various agreements with the royalty of Scotland and France, who had long shared animosity toward the English.8 Thus, while the majority of Owain’s soldiers were Welsh, he did gain foreign aid beginning in 1401 in promise for various pieces of land and influence in England should he prevail. 6 “Rolls of Parliament, 1401,”in Owain Glyndŵr: A Casebook, ed. Michael Livingston and John K. Bollard. (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013), 45. 7 Henry Weisser, Wales: An Illustrated History (New York: Henry Weisser, 2002), 59. 8 Jones, The History of Wales, 42. It can be argued that Owain’s revolt had its greatest success in 1402. The first occurred in February, when Owain captured one of his greatest local enemies, Reginald Grey. Grey was responsible for carrying out the orders of the English Crown in north Wales, and thus capturing Grey prevented a great deal of English interference in north Wales. Glyndŵr eventually released Grey later the same year, for a ransom of 10,000 marks (equivalent to £6,666).9 Although Grey was now free, he played no further role in carrying out the will of Henry IV in Wales, giving Owain, as well as the general population of north Wales, much more liberty. While being successful in a number of battles and events such as the capture of Reginald Grey, what is often considered to be the greatest victory of Owain’s revolt is that of the Battle of Bryn Glas, near the Powys town of Knighton, on 22 June 1402. Bryn Glas is located on the eastern edge of Powys, in the middle of the county, near what is now the England-Wales border. While the Welsh were outnumbered four to three, the tactics used by Glyndŵr and his men insured victory. They used various goading tactics to tire the English soldiers and cut slowly through English lines. Furthermore, they had numerous archers stationed on hills, in order to fire down upon the English. One of the greatest advantages, however, was the fact that many soldiers loyal to Owain had infiltrated the English ranks, and so instead of firing their arrows at the oncoming Welsh, they fired them into the backs and sides of the Englishmen around them.10 These tactics ensured the Welsh victory at Bryn Glas. 9 Davies, A History of Wales, 193 - 194. 10 Owen Rees, “The Battle of Bryn Glas, 1402: Glyn Dŵr’s finest hour,” Academica.edu, https://www.academia.edu/3566884/TheBattleofBrynGlasPilleth1402G lynDwrsfinesthour.