Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entre- preneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and processes of successful normative change. This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change – norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm anti- preneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue- areas and contributed by a mix of well- known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance, particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in norm- contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threat- ened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs who enjoy greater inherent advantages. This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History. Alan Bloomfield is the Vice Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Shirley V. Scott is Professor of International Relations at the School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia. Routledge/Challenges of Globalisation Edited by Charles Sampford and Carmel Connors Griffith University, Australia This series seeks to make systematic contributions to international debates over two intimately related issues: • The values that should inform the governance of modern states and the glo- balising world in which they are increasingly enmeshed, in particular whether the liberal democratic values that sought to civilize the sovereign state need to be reconceived as global values. • The institutions that are needed to realise those values, be they local, national, regional, international, transnational or global. 5 Global Democracy and its 9 Access to International Justice Difficulties Edited by Patrick Keyzer, Vesselin Edited by Anthony J. Langlois and Popovski and Charles Sampford Karol Edward Sołtan 10 Strengthening the Rule of Law 6 New Visions for Market through the UN Security Governance Council Crisis and renewal Edited by Jeremy Farrall and Edited by Kate MacDonald, Hilary Charlesworth Shelley Marshall and Sanjay Pinto 11 Law, Lawyering and Legal 7 Shifting Global Powers and Education International Law Building an ethical profession in Challenges and opportunities a globalizing world Edited by Rowena Maguire, Charles Sampford and Hugh Bridget Lewis and Charles Breakey Sampford 12 Norm Antipreneurs and the 8 Institutional Supports for the Politics of Resistance to Global International Rule of Law Normative Change Edited by Charles Sampford and Edited by Alan Bloomfield and Ramesh Thakur Shirley V. Scott Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change Edited by Alan Bloomfield and Shirley V. Scott First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Selection and editorial matter: Alan Bloomfield and Shirley V. Scott; individual chapters: the contributors The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: Bloomfield, Alan, 1975– editor. | Scott, Shirley V., editor. Title: Norm antipreneurs and the politics of resistance to global normative change / edited by Alan Bloomfield and Shirley V. Scott ; foreword by Amitav Acharya. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Challenges of globalisation ; 12 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016018320| ISBN 9781138900295 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315707341 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Political ethics–Case studies. | Normativity (Ethics)– Case studies. | International cooperation–Moral and ethical aspects–Case studies. | International relations–Moral and ethical aspects–Case studies. Classification: LCC JA79 .N668 2017 | DDC 172/.4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018320 ISBN: 978-1-138-90029-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-70734-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of illustrations vii Notes on contributors viii Foreword by Amitav Acharya xi 1 Norm antipreneurs in world politics 1 ALAN BLOOMFIELD AND SHIRLEY V. SCOTT 2 Resisting the responsibility to protect 20 ALAN BLOOMFIELD 3 Resisting the ban on cluster munitions 39 KENKI ADACHI 4 Resistance to the emergent norm to advance progress towards the complete elimination of nuclear weapons 57 ORLI ZAHAVA 5 Rival networks and the conflict over assassination/targeted killing 72 CLIFFORD BOB 6 Resisting the emerging ‘humanitarian access’ norm 89 ALAN BLOOMFIELD 7 Resisting Japan’s promotion of a norm of sustainable whaling 108 SHIRLEY V. SCOTT AND LUCIA MEILIN ORIANA 8 Resisting the norm of climate security 125 SHIRLEY V. SCOTT vi Contents 9 Additional categories of agency: ‘creative resisters’ to normative change in post-c risis global financial governance 140 MALCOLM CAMPBELL- VERDUYN 10 Contesting private sustainability norms in primary commodity production: norm hybridisation in the palm oil sector 159 HELEN E.S. NESADURAI 11 Whose norm is it anyway? Mediating contested norm-h istories in Iraq (2003) and Syria (2013) 177 FRANk HARVEY AND JOHN MITTON 12 To boldly go where no country has gone before: U.S. norm antipreneurism and the weaponization of outer space 197 JEFFREY S. LANTIS 13 Resisting ‘good governance’ norms in the EU’s European Neighbourhood Policy 215 WILLIAM CLAPTON 14 Norm entrepreneurs and antipreneurs: chalk and cheese, or two faces of the same coin? 231 SHIRLEY V. SCOTT AND ALAN BLOOMFIELD Index 251 Illustrations Figure 9.1 Creative resisters on a continuum 152 Tables 3.1 Norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in the early 1980s 42 3.2 Norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in 2004 45 3.3 Norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in the late 2000s 49 5.1 Framework for analyzing normative and policy conflict 74 5.2 Strategies used by rival sides in normative and policy conflicts 75 11.1 Timeline of key decision points prior to 2003 Iraq invasion 185 Contributors Kenki Adachi is Professor of International Politics at the College of Inter- national Relations, Ritsumeikan University, Japan. His works include Norms in International Society: When States Refrain from Using Certain Weapons (2015), Institutional Interplay and Global Governance: A Case Study of Con- ventional Weapons Governance (2009), and The Ottawa Process: Formation Process of Landmine Ban Treaty (2004) which won the 2004 Canadian Prime Minister Award. Alan Bloomfield is the Vice Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Australia. He researches Australian and, more recently, Indian foreign policy: he recently published the book India and the Responsibility to Protect and he has articles in the Pacific Review, Con- temporary Security Policy and the Australian Journal of Politics and History. He also researches norm dynamics theory: empirically he focuses on human- itarian norms (especially R2P [Responsibility to Protect]) and he is the author of the 2015 Review of International Studies article ‘Norm Antipreneurs and Theorising Resistance to Normative Change’. Clifford Bob studies human rights, globalization, and transnational networks. His book, The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics, was pub- lished by Cambridge University Press in 2012. His 2005 book, The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism (Cambridge), won the International Studies Association Best Book Award and other prizes. He edited The International Struggle for New Human Rights (University of Pennsylvania Press) and has written for political science, law, and policy journals. Malcolm Campbell- Verduyn completed his PhD in International Relations at McMaster University in 2015 and is currently a SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow at the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Waterloo, Ontario. His research combines a general focus on language and ideas in the global polit- ical economy with a specific interest in the roles of private actors, technolo- gies and technical artefacts in contemporary global governance. His Contributors ix publications have appeared in Business and Politics, Competition and Change, Global Society and the Journal of European Public Policy. William Clapton is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at UNSW Aus- tralia. He is the author of Risk and Hierarchy in International Society: Liberal Interventionism in the Post- Cold War Era (Palgrave, 2014) and has published articles in International Relations and International Politics. Frank P. Harvey is Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and former Chair of the Department of Political Science at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He currently holds the Eric Dennis Chair of Government and Politics at Dalhousie, and held the position of University Research Professor of International Relations from 2008–2013. He served as Associate Dean of Research from 2011–2013, held the J. William Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian Studies in 2007, is a former Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, and is a Senior Research Fellow with the Canadian Global Affairs Institute. His most recent book, Explaining the Iraq War: Counterfactual Theory, Logic and Evidence (Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2012) received the 2013 Canadian Political Science Association Book Prize in International Relations. Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor of Political Science at The College of Wooster, Ohio, USA. His teaching and research specializations include international security, norms, strategic culture, nuclear non- proliferation, and comparative foreign policy. A former Fulbright Senior Scholar in Australia, Lantis is author of recent books, including Arms and Influence: U.S. Technology Innovation and the Evolution of International Security Norms (Stanford University Press, 2016) and editor of Strategic Culture and Security Policies in the Asia- Pacific (Routledge, 2015). In addition, Lantis has published numerous academic journal articles and book chapters on executive decisions and preventive war, strategic culture, norm stewardship, and cyber-s ecurity. John Mitton is a PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at Dal- housie University in Halifax, NS, Canada. He is also a Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Security and Development and a Killam Memorial Scholar. His work has appeared in Contemporary Security Policy, The Cana- dian Journal of Political Science and International Journal. His dissertation research deals with international interventions into civil conflicts and the dynamics of international rivalry. Helen E.S. Nesadurai is Professor of International Political Economy at the School of Arts and Social Sciences, Monash University Malaysia. While con- tinuing work on inter-g overnmental regional institutions such as ASEAN, her research has expanded to consider other forms of authority such as trans- national private regulation and how these relate to national and regional gov- ernance in addressing environmental and social justice issues in Southeast Asia. She is currently co- leading (with Shaun Breslin from Warwick) the final