VOLUME XXII INDEX , SPRING 1993 1-102 Equity in Public and Nonprofit Sectors,” , SUMMER 1993 103-192 281-296; “The Field of Nonprofit and , FALL 1993 193-274 Voluntary Action Research: Then and , WINTER 1993 275-374 Now,” 197-200; “In Search of the Impact of Staff Mix on Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programs,” 69-91; A “National Federations: The Role of Vol- untary Organizations in Linking Macro Abzug, R., review by, 93-100 and Micro Orders in Civil Society,” Administration on Aging (AoA), 71, 72, 74, 121-136; “Nonprofit Advocacy in 81, 87, 89 Weakly Institutionalized Political Sys- “African American Traditions of Civic tems: The Case of NGDOs in Lima, Responsibility,” 137-153 Peru,” 317-337; “Of Books and the African Americans: child rearing, 144-145; Scholarly Infrastructure,” 5—12; “Portfo- and church role, 145-146, 149; civic lio Theory and Nonprofit Financial Sta- culture, 137-138, 147-151; civil rights, bility,” 105-119; “Public Benefit and 139-140; conspicuous consumption, Member Benefit Nonprofit, Voluntary 142-143; and desegregation/deindustri- Groups,” 53-68; “Public Policy and the alization, 150; donated time, 143-144; Performance of Nonprofit Organizations: economic marginality, 142; and Great A General Framework,” 13-31; “Reli- Society programs, 140; informal volun- gious People, Religious Congregations, teerism, 144-145; political threat, 139; and Volunteerism in Human Services: Is racial oppression, 138-140, 147; self- There a Link?” 33-51; “Response of sufficiency, 139; urban situation, Community Organizations to the Civil 148-149 Unrest in Los Angeles,” 357-373; “Role Altruism: defined, 184-185; and exchange Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Role theory, 184; and nonprofits research, Overload on Boards of Directors of Non- 223; weak, 298 profit Human Service Organizations,” American Association for the Advancement 339-356 “The Role of the Nonprofit of Science (AAAS), 198 Enterprise’ in 1993: Hansmann Revis- American Foundation for AIDS Research, ited,” 297-316; “Sector Blurring and 293 Nonprofit Centers: The Case of the American Kidney Foundation, 293 United Kingdom,” 241-257; “Twenty American Sociological Association, 197 Years of the Journal of Voluntary Action Architecture: and burial monuments, Research/Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector 170-173; urban, and public space, Quarterly: An Assessment of Past Trends 177-179 and Future Directions,” 207-218; Architecture and the After-Life, reviewed, “Usable Knowledge: A Symposium,” 167-183 219-239 ARNOVA. See Association for Research on Association for Research on Nonprofit Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Organizations and Voluntary Action Action (ARNOVA) (ARNOVA): and Association of Volun- “ARNOVA and Its Journal: Some Reflec- tary Action Scholars, 197-199, tions,” 201-205 279-280; bureaucratization/formaliza- Articles: “African American Traditions of tion, 204; centers, 199, 203-204, 279; Civic —_ Responsibility,” 137-153; characteristics/goals, 203; future direc- “ARNOVA and Its Journal: Some Reflec- tions, 203-204; infrastructure, 198; tions,” 201-205; “Decentralization and internationalization, 198, 204, 278; NONPROFIT AND VOLUNTARY SECTOR QUARTERLY, vol. 22, no. 4, Winter 1993 © Jossey-Bass Publishers 375 376 journal, 1-4, 198-199, 201-204; meet- Boulet, J., review by, 189-191 ings/affiliations, 198; origins/member- Brudney, J. L., “Twenty Years of the Journal ship, 197, 202, 277; publications, 199; of Voluntary Action Research/Nonprofit and purpose, 2-3; research communities, Voluntary Sector Quarterly: An Assess- 279-280; symposium, 219-238; theo- ment of Past Trends and Future Direc- retical focus, 202; vision, 3—+ tions,” 207-218 Association of Voluntary Action Scholars (AVAS), 197-199, 277-280. See also Association for Research on Nonprofit c Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA): and Association of Volun- Cemeteries: architecture, 170-173; and tary Action Scholars civic culture, 168-170; historical role, AVAS. See Association of Voluntary Action 170-171; history, 173-176; life cycle, Scholars 169-179; and Protestant Reformation, AVAS/ARNOVA. See Association for 171-172; and religious organizations, Research on Nonprofit Organizations 169; role, 168; and secular organiza- and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA): and tions, 169; and symbolism, 168-169 Association of Voluntary Action Scholars Center for a Voiuntary Society, 277 Centers. See Nonprofit centers Centre for Voluntary Organisation (CVO), B 241 Charitable giving, 294-295. See also Gen- Bender, T., Intellect and Public Life: Essays on erosity; Philanthropy the Social History of Academic Intellectuals Civic culture: and academic professions, in the United States, reviewed, 259-265 262; African American, 137-138, Billis, D., “Sector Blurring and Nonprofit 147-151, artistic/public expressions of, Centers: The Case of the United King- 167; and cemeteries, 168-176; changing dom,” 241-257 vision of, 179-181; and Civil Rights Board members: case examples, 343-351; Movement, 139-140; and conspicuous effective, 353-354; expert role, 342, consumption, 142-143; defined, 162; 346-347; figurehead role, 342, European American, 138-140; and 349-350; prescriptive role, 341; repre- investment capitalism, 138; monocul- sentative role, 342, 347-349; role ambi- tural image, 140-141; and privatization, guity, 353; role conflict, 352-353; role 180; and public space, 177-181. See also dysfunctions (study) 341-354; role Public culture expectations, 353; role overload, 353; Civic responsibility: African American, roles, 341-342; trustee role, 341-342, 137-138, 147-151; American vs. Japan- 343-344, 353; unique roles, 350-351; ese, 189-190; European American, worker role, 342, 344-345. See also 138-139; and philanthropic studies, Boards of directors 146-147; refedining, 146-147, 150; Boards of directors: as boundary spanners, sociological concepts of, 140-141 354; education, 353; functions, 341; Civil society, 123-124, 133-134, 321-322. member orientation programs, 352; and See also Communities; Society member recruitment, 352; member roles Clotfelter, C. T., Who Benefits from the Non- (study), 341-345; operating styles, 341; profit Sector? reviewed, 184-188 and organizational competencies, 354; Cnaan, R. A., “Religious People, Religious research directions, 353-354; responsi- Congregations, and Volunteerism in bilities/boundaries, 353. See also Board Human Services: Is There a Link?” members 33-51; review by, 184-188 Books. See Nonprofits/voluntary action Colvin, H., Architecture and the After-Life, research: book reviews, book sales reviewed, 167-183 Boris, E., “Usable Knowledge: A Sympo- Commons: and conflict, 270; defined, 267; sium,” 219-239 and market/state, 269; and self, 268; theory, 267-270 D Commons: New Perspectives on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action, The, “Decentralization and Equity in Public and reviewed, 267-270 Nonprofit Sectors,” 281-296 Communities: action, 359; and govern- Development, and resource distribution, mental voluntary organizations (study), 320 124-135; and disaster, 358; and fire Development and Technical Assistance, fighters (study), 155-164; loss of, 121; Inc. (DATA), 277 mediator role, 360-361; resource depen- Diaz-Albertini, J., “Nonprofit Advocacy in dency, 359-361. See also Civil society; Weakly Institutionalized Political Sys- Community-based organizations; Society tems: The Case of NGDOs in Lima, Community-based organizations: benefits, Peru,” 317-337 358-359; and disasters, 358; emergency Disasters, and community role, 358 response (case analysis), 361-369; and Donations/donors: charitable vs. amenity- First African Methodist Episcopal supporting, 294-295; demands, 300; Church, 363-364, 365-369; and Har- nonprofit organization, 285-287, vard Heights Neighborhood Association, 299-300 361-363, 365-367; and Korean Youth Durden, T. K., “Twenty Years of the Journal Center, 364-367; policy, 368-369; of Voluntary Action Research/Nonprofit and research 369-370; and Unity House, Voluntary Sector Quarterly: An Assess- 362-363, 365-366, 368 ment of Past Trends and Future Direc- Competition cushioning, 21-23 tions,” 207-218 Contract failure: and complex personal ser- vices, 305; and day-care industry, 311-312; and health care, 310; hospital E example, 304-310; and hospital ser- vices, 306; and long-term care indus- Ellickson, R. D., Order Without Law: How tries, 311-312; mathematical models, Neighbors Settle Disputes, reviewed, 301; measuring, 310; and nondistribu- 271-273 tion constraint, 299; and nonprofit orga- Emergency response, community organiza- nizations, 300; and physician agency tion (study), 361-371 role, 308-309; and public policy, England, voluntary organizations (study), 304-310; and tax exemption, 312-313; 124-135 theory, 310-313; and third-party trans- Entrepreneurial sorting, 21, 26-27. See also actions, 306-308 Sorting Contracting: international policy compari- Entrepreneurs: and market entry, 21, son, 93-97; in United Kingdom, 95-96, 26-27; and nonprofit organizations, 98, 99-100; in United States, 96-97, 300; and organizational objectives, 99-100 18-19 Contracting Lessons from the U.S., reviewed, Equity, in government aid, 295. See also 93-100 Generosity differences Cooper, T. L., “Response of Community European American civic culture, 137-138 Organizations to the Civil Unrest in Los Exchange theory, and altrusim, 184 Angeles,” 357-373 Cooperation, and dispute settlement, 271-273 F Corporate tax law, 299 Coston, J. M., “Response of Community “Farmers and Ranchers,” 271-273 Organizations to the Civil Unrest in Los “Field of Nonprofit and Voluntary Action Angeles,” 357-373 Research: Then and Now, The,” Culture. See Civic culture; Public culture 197-200 Customers/consumers cheating, 301-302; Filer Commission, 278-279 protection, 305; uncertainty, 28 Financial managers, 105-106 378 Financial predictability See Nonprofit Public sector; Sector blurring financial predictability Government-nonprofits contracting. See Financial risk, and nonprofit organizations, Contracting 105-118 Grass-roots organizations: central role of, Fire fighters: career attributes, 161—162; 327-328; empowerment, 320; nature, commitment, 163-164; and community 321-322; romantic notion of, 321; and (study), 155-164; and community inte- weakened state/civil society, 322 gration/cohesion, 164; households Gray, B. H., “The Role of the Nonprofit attributes, 159-161; personal attributes, Enterprise in 1993: Hansmann Revis- 157-159; recruitment, 164 ited,” 297-316 First African Methodist Episcopal Church Gutch, R., Contracting Lessons from the U.S. (FAME), Los Angeles, 363-364, reviewed, 93-100 365-369 For-profit organizations: coexistence with nonprofits, 299-301, 303-304; compe- H tition, 303; and financial risk, 105; and free entry, 20-27; hospitals as, 306; Hall, P. D., “Of Books and the Scholarly monopolies, 26; and sector conversion, Infrastructure,” 5-12; “Review Essay: 19 The Scholar-Practitioner Gap and the For-profits-in-disguise (FPIDs), 24-25, Dilemma of Expertise and Democracy,” 302-303 259-265; reviews by, 167-183, Fox, D. M., “Usable Knowledge: A Sympo- 259-265; “Usable Knowledge: A Sym- sium,” 219-239 posium,” 219-239 Free entry, 20-24 Harvard Heights Neighborhood Associa- tion (HHNA), Los Angeles, 361-363, 365-367 G Health care: and contract failure, 310; and public policy, 304, 310, 312-313; Third Generosity differences: American Founda- World, 324-325; and universal insur- tion for AIDS Research example, 293; ance system, 394. See also Hospitals; American Kidney Foundation example, Physicians 293; charitable vs. amenity-support- ing, Hospitals: costs/outputs measurement, 294-295; and nonprofit sector, 310; nonprofit, vs. for-profit, 306; per- 283-284, 287-294; and public sector, sonal services complexity, 305; and 283-284; United Way example, physician agency role, 308-309; sup- 287-293. See also Nondistribution con- port, 304; tax exemption, 306; third- straint; Philanthropy party transactions, 306-308 Giving: charitable vs. amenity-supporting, Huber, R., “In Search of the Impact of Staff 294-295; and conspicuous consump- Mix on Long-Term Care Ombudsman tion, 142—143; European American vs. rograms,” 69-91 African American concepts of, 142-145; Hunter, A., “National Federations: The patterns and nonprofits, 187. See also Role of Voluntary Organizations in Link- Generosity; Philanthopy ing Macro and Micro Orders in Civil Government: controlling, growth, Society,” 121-136 282-283; decentralization, 281-283, 295-296; and equity in aid, 295-296; and fiscal disparities, 283; as Leviathan, 281-283; and nondistribution con- straint, 299; public choice approach to, “In Search of the Impact of Staff Mix on 282; and redistributive programs, 283; Long-Term Care Ombudsman Pro- and voluntary organizations (study), grams,” 69-91 124-135: and volunteers, 252. See also Independent sector: and boundary blurring, 243-244; terminology, 244-245 L INDEPENDENT SECTOR (IS), 8, 198, 202, 219, 221-222, 229-230, 259, 278, 280 Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American Information: asymmetrical, 302; nonprofit History, The, reviewed, 167-183 organization, structure, 27-29 Leviathan, government as, 281-283 Intellect and Public Life: Essays on the Social Lohmann, R. A., The Commons: New Per- History of Academic Intellectuals in the spectives on Nonprofit Organizations and United States reviewed, 259-265 Voluntary Action reviewed, 267-270; Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 17, 299, “Farmers and Ranchers,” 271-273; 302 review by, 271-273 International Labor Organization, 320 London, N. R., Japanese Corporate Philan- International Society for Third-Sector thropy reviewed, 189-191 Research, 198 Long-term care ombudsman programs: and International Sociological Association, 198 client complaints, 76-85, 87-88; com- International Voluntary Action and Volun- plications, 70-71; and long-term care, tary Association Research Organization, 75-76; organizational environment/ 198 dynamics, 70, 86; and staff mix (study), 72-86; value, 71-72; and volunteerism, 70 J Los Angeles, community organizations emergency response (study), 361-371 Japanese corporate philanthropy: contribu- tion structure, 190; laws, 190; vs. West- ern philanthropy, 189-190 M Japanese Corporate Philanthropy reviewed, 189-191 Markets: contestable, 20; and entrepeneur- Journal of Voluntary Action Research/Non- ial sorting, 21, 26-27; entry models, profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly: aca- 24-27; and free entry, 20-27; and non- demic disciplines, 211-212; article profit organizational research, 6-10 analysis (study), 209-218; authors, Mediating organizations, 360-361 210-212; future directions, 203-204, Member benefit nonprofit groups: activi- 209, 217-218; growth, 202; and INDE- ties, 60-62; affiliates/influence, 64; PENDENT SECTOR, 202, 229-230; ori- defined, 53; heterogeneity, 65; impor- gins, 198, 207-208; publishers, tance, 53-54; income, 62-63; labels, 198-199, 202; statistical analysis, 213; 54-55; members, 63-64; mission, 66; theoretical orientation, 202, 208-209; populations served, 55, 59-60; vs. pub- topics, 213-216 lic benefit nonprofit groups (study), 56-67; research, 54, 55; structure, 63; tax status, 55, 65; unincorporation/infor- K mality, 65 Kasternakis, A., “Religious People, Reli- gious Congregations, and Volunteerism N in Human Services: Is There a Link?” 33-51 “National Federations: The Role of Volun- Kingma, B. R., “Portfolio Theory and Non- tary Organizations in Linking Macro and profit Financial Stability,” 105-119 Micro Orders in Civil Society,” 121-136 Knowledge: diffusion, 225; politics, 227; National voluntary organizations: American society, 263-264; specialized, 262. See vs. British, 130-132; confederations, also Usable knowledge 129-130; and constituency power, 127, Korean Youth Center (KYC), Los Angeles, 128; core funding, 130-131; formal 364-367 recognition, 131; government/community 380 National voluntary organizations (continued) (NVSQ), 9-11. See also Journal of Volun- tary Action Research/Nonprofit and Volun- (study), 124-135; interactive construc- tary Sector Quarterly tion, 127-129; micro/macro issues, 127, Nonprofit centers: creation/budget, 199; 132-133; political nature, 313; and effects of, 203; and external forces, 204; political partnerships, 128; public/pri- long-term implications of, 255; and vate distinction, 133-134; scaling, research communities, 279; and sector 126-127; strategies/tactics, 131 blurring, 254-255 Netting, F. E., “In Search of the Impact of Nonprofit financial predictability: defined, Staff Mix on Long-Term Care Ombuds- 108; and for-profit sector, 105; impor- man Programs,” 69-91 tance, 108-109; literature, 106-108; Nondistribution constraint (NDC): advo- measures, 108; modeling, 109-112; and cacy strategy, 322-323; and asymmetri- organizational form, 109; and portfolio cal information, 302; challenges, 334; managers, 105-106; and _ revenue and cheating customers, 301-302; and sources, 106-107; study, 112-118 civil society, 320; compliance, 302; and Nonprofit organizations (NPOs): advan- contract failure, 299; and corporate tax tages, 358-359; beneficiaries, 184-188; law, 299; and customer protection, 305; boards of directors, 339-354; bureau- defined, 15, 299; enforcement, 24-25, cracy, 251; cemeteries, 168-176; and 302; environmental issues (case exam- charitable vs. amenity-supporting gen- ple), 326-327; and government, 299; erosity, 294-295; as clubs, 284; coexis- and government-nonprofits relationship tence with for-profits, 299-301, theories, 331-332; and grass-roots orga- 303-304; and contract failure, 300; and nizations, 320-322; and nonprofit orga- cooperation theory, 272-273; cross-sub- nizations, 298-300; and nonprofit sidization cheating, 303; cushioned, sector definition, 15-17; and public sec- 21-23; customer cheating, 301-302; tor definition, 298-299; and trustwor- defined, 297; disguised as for-profits, thiness, 301 24-25; donations, 285-287; and Nongovernmental development organiza- donors, 299-300; employees, 187; and tions (NGDOs): and grass-roots empow- entrepreneurs, 300; and financial risk, erment, 320; importance, 320; and 105-118; formation, 300; and free institution building, 330-331; inter- entry, 20-27; and giving patterns, 187; locuters, 322-328; international, 334; goals, 298; and government contracting, networks, 329; origins, 319-320; 93-100; information structure, 27-29; resource potentiation, 330; self-managed legal definition, 15-17; models, 16-17; community (case example), 327-328; as monopolies, 26; and nondistribution social movement organizations, 325- constraint, 15-17, 24-25, 298-300; 327; as social service providers, 323- objective functions, 17-18; organiza- 325; and state, 320-321, 331-333; as tional structure, 248-249; revenue con- subsidiary to grass-roots organizations, ditioning, 23-24; sectoral conversions, 327-328; traits, 332-333; and underde- 20; social service provision, 323; sur- velopment, 320; vertical integration, vival, 20, 21, 24-25; tax exemption, 329; and Western vs. Third World cir- 299, 302, 306; tax regulation, 15-17; cumstances, 331-334; women’s health and trust-regulating mechanisms, 301; issues (case example), 324-325. See also and zero-profit constraint, 16. See also Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) Community-based organizations; Grass- Nonprofit Academic Centers Council roots organizations; Member benefit (NACC), 199 nonprofit groups; Nongovernmental “Nonprofit Advocacy in Weakly Institu- development organizations (NGDOs); tionalized Political Systems: The Case of Public benefit nonprofit groups; Volun- NGDOs in Lima, Peru,” 317-337 tarism; Voluntary groups Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Nonprofit sector: beneficiaries, 184-188; = and charitable vs. amenity-supporting Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Dis- generosity, 294-295; conceptualization, putes, reviewed, 271-273 231-232; and cooperation theory, Organizational objectives: compromising, 272-273; core, 254; cost advantages, 18; and entrepreneurs, 18-19; origins, 247; defining, 298-299; and democratic 17-18; and regulatory policy, 18; and welfare states, 223; disintegration, 227; stakeholders, 19; survivable, 18; types, 17 fragmented structure, 283-285; and Organizations: competencies, 354; mediat- generosity differences, 283-284, 287- ing, 360-361; success, 263 294; history, 224; and independence/ interdependence, 203, 243-244; knowl- edge base, 222; and minorities, 224; P myths, 222; and nondistribution con- straint, 298-299; public sector interde- Paton, R. N., “In Search of the Impact of Staff pendence, 295; and_ redistributive Mix on Long-Term Care Ombudsman transfers, 283-285; scholar-practitioner Programs,” 69-91 gap, 259-261; uniqueness, 247. See also Performance, research and unified policy Independent sector; Sector blurring; framework, 13-15 Third sector; Voluntary sector Peru, nongovernmental development orga- Nonprofit Sector Research Fund, 199 nizations (study), 319-334 Nonprofits boards. See Board members; Philanthropy: and civic responsibility, Boards of directors 146-147; and Cold War mentality, 141, Nonprofits research. See Nonprofits/volun- European American vs. African American tary action research concepts of, 142-145; Japanese corporate, Nonprofits unified policy framework: 189-191; and wealthy, 184. See also Gen- advantages, 14; and policy questions, erosity differences; Giving 29; requirements, 14-15 Physicians: as patients’ agents, 208-209. See Nonprofits/voluntary action research: and also Health care; Hospitals advocacy, 5—6; book reviews, 8-9; book PONPO. See Program on Non-Profit Organi- sales, 7-8; challenges, 231; communi- zations (PONPO) ties, 279-280; and disciplines, 222-223, Portfolio management theory, 109-112. See 228; financial risk, 106-108; future also Nonprofit financial predictability “Portfolio Theory and Nonprofit Financial industry influence, 260; and Journal of Stability,” 105-119 Voluntary Action Research/Nonprofit and Privatization, and civic culture, 180 Voluntary Sector Quarterly (study), Program on Non-Profit Organizations 209-218; journals, 8-10; market, 6-10; (PONPO), 202, 219, 229-230, 277-290 and member benefit nonprofit groups, “Public Benefit and Member Benefit Non- 54; needs, 225; pitfalls, 221; and practi- profit, Voluntary Groups,” 53-68 tioner gap, 259-261; progress, 200; and Public-benefit nonprofit groups, vs. member public policy, 225; sponsors, 202, benefit nonprofit groups (study), 56-67 229-230; and taxation, 225-226; Public culture: erosion, 261-263; and United Kingdom, 241-255; and usable knowledge society, 263-264; redefining, knowledge, 219-238 263-264. See also Civic culture “Public Policy and the Performance of Non- profit Organizations: A General Frame- O work,” 13-31 Public sector: decentralization, 281-283, “Of Books and the Scholarly Infrastructure,” 295-296; and generosity differences, 5-12 283-284; growth, 282-283; nonprofit Older Americans Act, 69, 70, 86 sector interdependence, 295. See also Ombudsman programs. See Long-term care Government ombudsman programs Public space, and civic culture, 177-179 Q “Rich Are Always with Us, The,” 267-270 “Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Role Quality, product, 28 Overload on Boards of Directors of Non- Quasi-autonomous nongovernmental orga- profit Human Service Organizations,” nization (quango), 130 339-356 “Role of Nonprofit Enterprise, The,’ in 1993: Hansmann Revisited,” 297-316 R Role(s): ambiguity, 340-341, 353; conflict, 340, 352, 352-353; defined, 340 expec- Racism, 138-140, 147 tations, 340-341, 353; nonprofits’ board Religion: and African Americans, 145-146; members (study), 341-354; overload, and burial practices, 171-172; and 340, 353; theory, 340-341 cemeteries, 169; and voluntarism, 35—40; and voluntary sector origins, 33; and volunteerism (study), 40-49 S “Religious People, Religious Congregations, and Volunteerism in Human Services: Is Scholarship. See Nonprofits research There a Link?” 33-51 Sector blurring: case for/against, 243-244; Research. See Nonprofits/voluntary action government-voluntary, 243; and inde- research pendence, 243-244; and nonprofit cen- Research Note: “Volunteers and Their ters, 254-255; and sector concept, Communities: A Comparative Analysis 244-248; and sector parentage, of Voiunteer Fire Fighters,” 155-166 251-253; structural approach, 248-251 Resource mobilization theory, 359 “Sector Blurring and Nonprofit Centers: “Response of Community Organizations to The Case of the United Kingdom,” the Civil Unrest in Los Angeles,” 241-257 357-373 Sector(s): ambiguity, 249-250; concept, Responsibility. See Civic responsibility 244-248; and control, 252-253; divi- Revenue: conditioning, 23-24; and finan- sions, 249; identifying, 251-253; and cial predictability, 106-107; manage- membership identity, 252; partnerships ment modeling, 109-112; shocks, 109 between, 295; and personal world, 249; “Review Essay: The Scholar-Practitioner and property rights, 253. See also Inde- Gap and the Dilemma of Expertise and pendent sector; Nonprofit sector; Sector Democracy,” 259-265 blurring; Third sector; Voluntary sector Reviews: Architecture and the After-Life, Sloane, D. C., The Last Great Necessity: 167-183; The Commons: New Perspectives Cemeteries in American History, reviewed, on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary 167-183 Action, 267-270; Contracting Lessons from Smith, D. H., “The Field of Nonprofit and the U.S., 93-100; “Farmers and Ranch- Voluntary Action Research: Then and ers,” 271-273; Japanese Corporate Phil- Now,” 197-200; “Public Benefit and anthropy, 189-191; The Last Great Member Benefit Nonprofit, Voluntary Necessity: Cemeteries in American History, Groups,” 53-68 167-183; Order Without Law: How Society: civil, 123-124, 133-143; macro/ Neighbors Settle Disputes, 271-273; micro orders of, 122-123, 132-133; “Review Essay: The Scholar-Practitioner monocultural image, 140-141; and Gap and the Dilemma of Expertise and state, 123-124. See also Civic culture; Democracy,” 259-265; “The Rich Are Communities Always with Us,” 267-270; Variations on Sorkin, M., Variations on a Theme Park: The a Theme Park: The New American City and New American City and the End of Public the End of Public Space, 167-183; Who Space reviewed, 167-183 Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector? Sorting: entrepreneurial, 21, 26-27; 184-188 patron, 21 383 Stanfield, J. H., Il, “African American Tra- posium, 219-238 ditions of Civic Responsibility,” 137-153 “Usable Knowledge: A Symposium,” Stanley, M. B., review by, 267-270; “The 219-239 Rich Are Always with Us,” 267-270 State. See Government Steinberg, R., “Public Policy and the Per- V formance of Nonprofit Organizations: A General Framework,” 13-31; “The Role Van Til, J., “ARNOVA and Its Journal: of the Nonprofit Enterprise’ in 1993: Some Reflections,” 201-205 Hansmann Revisited,” 297-316 Variations on a Theme Park: The New Amer- Sundeen, R. A., “Response of Community ican City and the End of Public Space Organizations to the Civil Unrest in Los reviewed, 167-183 Angeles,” 357-373 Voluntarism: moral basis, 36—39; and reli- gious beliefs, 35-40, 46, 48-49; and sociodemographic characteristics, 3-40. ¥ See also Voluntary groups; Volunteerism Voluntary groups, 53-56. See also Volun- Tax exemption: and contract failure theory, tarism; Voluntary organizations; Volun- 312-313; hospital, 308; and nondistrib- teerism ution noncompliance, 302; and private Voluntary organizations: national govern- party benefits, 299; rationale, 306 mental and community (study), Taxation: breaks, 22, 23-24; Japanese, 124-135; United Kingdom, 241-255. laws, 190; and member benefit non- See also Voluntarism; Voluntary groups; profit, policy, 15-17, 225-226; non- Volunteerism profit groups, 55, 65 Voluntary sector: defined, 247; nature, Third-party government, 223 246-247; reasons for existence, 246; Third sector: emergence of, in Peru, roots, 245-246; terminology, 245; 319-322; and informal cooperation, uniqueness, 247; United Kingdom, and 272; terminology, 245 boundary blurring, 241-255. See also Third World, 317-319, 332. See also Peru Independent sector; Nonprofit sector; Thompson, A. M., III, “Volunteers and Sector blurring; Third sector; Volun- Their Communities: A Comparative tarism Analysis of Volunteer Fire Fighters,” Volunteerism: and Afro-ethnic value orien- 155-166 tations, 144-146; devaluation, 35-36; in Trust, and nonprofit organizations, 301 government, 252; historical religious “Twenty Years of the Journal of Voluntary basis, 25; and long-term care ombuds- Action Research/Nonprofit and Voluntary man programs, 70, 86-89; and religion Sector Quarterly: An Assessment of Past (study), 40-49; rise of, 36 See also Vol- Trends and Future Directions,” 207-218 untarism; Voluntary organizations “Volunteers and Their Communities: A Comparative Analysis of Volunteer Fire U Fighters,” 155-166 United Kingdom: government contracting, 95-96, 98, 99-100; sector blurring (case WwW example), 241-255 United Way, 278, 287, 293, 369 Who Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector? Unity House (UH), Los Angeles, 362-363, reviewed, 184-188 365-366, 368 Widmer, C., “Role Conflict, Role Ambigu- Usable knowledge: defined, 220-221; gains, ity, and Role Overload on Boards of 221-224; limitations, 224; and nonprofit Directors of Nonprofit Human Service organizational research, 219-238; sym- Organizations,” 339-356 384 Wineburg, R. J., “Religious People, Reli- gious Congregations, and Volunteerism in Human Services: Is There a Link?” 33-51 Wolpert, J., “Decentralization and Equity in Public and Nonprofit Sectors,” 281-296 z Zero-profit constraint, 16