Non-Destructive Diagnostics of Concrete Floors Concrete floors should be diagnosed in order to obtain the proper durability. Non- destructive testing (NDT) methods, which have numerous advantages and are very effective for in situ testing, are recommended for this purpose. Non-Destructive Diagnostics of Concrete Floors: Methods and Case Studies offers useful NDT methods, test methodologies, and case studies. This book contains classifications of NDT methods, examines their areas of usefulness in floor diagnostics, and explains the complementarity and reliability of NDT methods as well as the need to calibrate research equipment. It presents interesting case studies of concrete floors, such as dowelled floors, floors with a top layer made of stone slabs, industrial floors, indus- trial floors with a top layer of polyurethane-cement, layered floors, post-tensioned floors, and cement screeds. The authors have drawn on many years of experience in both academia and the practical diagnosis of concrete floors using NDT methods. Łukasz Sadowski is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Wroclaw University of Science Technology, Poland. Professor Jerzy Hoła is an employee and former dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. Non-Destructive Diagnostics of Concrete Floors Methods and Case Studies Łukasz Sadowski Jerzy Hoła First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 Łukasz Sadowski and Jerzy Hoła Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub- lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Authors ......................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Chapter 2 The Problem of the Degradation of Concrete Floors ...........................5 Chapter 3 Introductory Information to the Diagnostics of Floors ......................11 Chapter 4 The Classification of Methods for Floor Diagnostics ........................17 Chapter 5 The Overview of Methods Useful in Floor Diagnostics ....................29 Chapter 6 The Reliability of Non-Destructive Methods in Floor Diagnostics ...............................................................................41 Chapter 7 The Calibration and Scaling of Test Equipment ................................57 Chapter 8 The Diagnosis of Dowelled Concrete Floors .....................................63 Chapter 9 The Diagnostics of Stone Floors ........................................................73 Chapter 10 The Diagnostics of Concrete Industrial Floors ..................................87 Chapter 11 The Diagnostics of Polyurethane-Cement Floors ............................101 Chapter 12 The Diagnostics of Cement Screeds ................................................111 Chapter 13 The Diagnostics of Layered Concrete Floors ...................................123 v vi Contents Chapter 14 The Diagnostics of Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors ........................131 Chapter 15 Closure .............................................................................................141 Index ......................................................................................................................145 Preface This book is devoted to non-destructive diagnostics of concrete floors. It contains new knowledge and research experience, which is preceded by an update and sys- temization of the already available knowledge concerning the subject covered in the title. This book meets the needs of those who already deal with, or intend to deal with, the assessment of the condition of floors, as well as those who seek support in literature with regards to, among others, the field of non-destructive testing methods, methodologies, and case studies. This book is divided into 14 chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction. Chapter 2 is devoted to the problem of the degradation of floors. Chapter 3 provides introduc- tory information to the diagnostics of floors. Chapter 4 presents the classifications of non-destructive and semi-destructive methods, and indicates the areas of their use- fulness in the diagnostics of floors. In turn, Chapter 5 contains synthetic descriptions of selected non-destructive and semi-destructive methods useful in floor diagnostics. Chapter 6 is devoted to the reliability of the use of non-destructive methods, while Chapter 7 deals with the issues of the calibration and scaling of research equipment. Chapters 8−14 contain case studies concerning, in order of diagnostics: dowelled concrete floors, concrete floors with a top layer made of stone, industrial concrete floors, concrete floors with a top layer made of polyurethane, cement screeds, layered concrete floors, and post-tensioned concrete floors. For researchers and experts who want to broaden their knowledge with regards to the subject of this book, useful ref- erence items are provided at the end of each chapter. While writing this book, it was not only literature studies that were used, but also the authors’ own thoughts and many years of experience acquired in both academia and in the practical diagnostics of floors using non-destructive methods. The authors of this book are recognized practicing specialists in this field, and they are also, or have been, active participants in scientific committees and scientific and technical events related to non-destructive testing in the construction industry. In the opinion of the authors the published book should not only meet the expecta- tions of experienced scientists and experts specializing in the field of non-destructive testing in floors, but also civil engineers, both experienced and beginners, in the field of the non-destructive diagnostics of floors. Moreover, students of construction and architecture courses should consider this book a useful source of knowledge in the field of non-destructive and semi-destructive methods of testing and diagnosing floors. vii Authors Łukasz Sadowski is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Wroclaw University of Science Technology. He is the Head of the Department of Materials Engineering and Construction Processes. He was a fellow of the Foundation for Polish Science and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. He is a senior member of RILEM and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. His achievements include more than 200 publications, 2 books, and tens of expertise reports. Professor Jerzy Hoła is employed at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WUST). He is a former Dean of the Faculty and a former senator of WUST. He is a member of the Civil Engineering Committee and the Chairman of the Construction and Mechanics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He specializes in general construction and non-destructive testing. He has published more than 300 scientific works, including several books and several hundred expertise reports. ix