<DOCINFOAUTHOR""TITLE"NominalPhrasesfromaScandinavianPerspective"SUBJECT"LinguistikAktuell/LinguisticsToday,Volume87"KEYWORDS""SIZEHEIGHT"240"WIDTH"160"VOFFSET"4"> NominalPhrasesfromaScandinavianPerspective LinguistikAktuell/LinguisticsToday LinguistikAktuell/LinguisticsToday(LA)providesaplatformfororiginalmonographstudies intosynchronicanddiachroniclinguistics.StudiesinLAconfrontempiricalandtheoretical problemsasthesearecurrentlydiscussedinsyntax,semantics,morphology,phonology,and systematicpragmaticswiththeaimtoestablishrobustempiricalgeneralizationswithina universalisticperspective. SeriesEditors WernerAbraham EllyvanGelderen UniversityofVienna ArizonaStateUniversity AdvisoryEditorialBoard CedricBoeckx IanRoberts HarvardUniversity CambridgeUniversity GuglielmoCinque KenSafir UniversityofVenice RutgersUniversity,NewBrunswickNJ GüntherGrewendorf LisadeMenaTravis J.W.Goethe-University,Frankfurt McGillUniversity LilianeHaegeman StenVikner UniversityofLille,France UniversityofAarhus HubertHaider C.Jan-WouterZwart UniversityofSalzburg UniversityofGroningen ChristerPlatzack UniversityofLund Volume87 NominalPhrasesfromaScandinavianPerspective byMaritJulien Nominal Phrases from a Scandinavian Perspective Marit Julien LundUniversity JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia TM Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirements 8 ofAmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences–Permanence ofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData MaritJulien NominalPhrasesfromaScandinavianPerspective / MaritJulien. p. cm.(LinguistikAktuell/LinguisticsToday,issn0166–0829;v.87) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. 1.Scandinavianlanguages--Nominals.Grammar,Comparativeand general--Nominals. PD1623.J85 2005 439/.5--dc22 2005053170 isbn9027233519(Hb;alk.paper) ©2005–JohnBenjaminsB.V. Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byprint,photoprint,microfilm,or anyothermeans,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. JohnBenjaminsPublishingCo.·P.O.Box36224·1020meAmsterdam·TheNetherlands JohnBenjaminsNorthAmerica·P.O.Box27519·Philadelphiapa19118-0519·usa CONTENTS Preface ix Abbreviations xi Introduction xiii CHAPTER 1 The syntactic structure of the DP 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The basic syntactic structure of the DP 1 1.2.1 The structure of nP 2 1.2.2 The position of adjectives 6 1.2.3 The higher projections in DP 10 1.3 The identification of D 14 1.4 Indefinite DPs 18 1.5 Summary 24 CHAPTER 2 Definite DPs 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 ‘Double definiteness’ 26 2.2.1 The nature of the noun movement to the DP projection 27 2.2.2 Blocking of nP-movement 29 2.2.3 Definite nominal phrases with an empty DP projection 30 2.2.4 Prenominal determiners 34 2.3 On D and n 35 2.3.1 Definiteness and specificity 35 2.3.2 Definiteness and superlatives 39 2.3.3 Movement to Spec-DP versus spellout of D 44 2.4 Adjectival inflection 44 2.4.1 The realisation of agreement 45 2.4.2 The internal syntax of adjectival phrases 47 2.5 Definite DPs in Icelandic 54 2.6 Definite DPs in Northern Swedish 58 2.6.1 Word order in Northern Swedish DPs 58 2.6.2 ‘Adjective incorporation’ 61 2.7 Danish, including West Jutlandic 65 vi CONTENTS 2.8 Nouns that resist nominal inflection 69 2.9 Summary 75 CHAPTER 3 Determiners and relative clauses 77 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Determiners in relative clause constructions 77 3.2.1 Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses 77 3.2.2 Relative clause constructions with nonspecific reference 80 3.2.3 Relative clause constructions and proper names 84 3.3 Towards an analysis 86 3.3.1 Relative clauses and preposed determiners 86 3.3.2 Identification of D in relative clause constructions 88 3.3.3 Scope relations in relative clause constructions 89 3.3.4 The proposal: nonrestrictive relative clauses 92 3.3.5 The proposal: restrictive relative clauses 94 3.4 Some consequences 98 3.4.1 The consequences of nonspecificity 98 3.4.2 The correlate and the relative operator 102 3.5 Summary 108 CHAPTER 4 Demonstratives and strong quantifiers 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Demonstratives 109 4.2.1 The position of demonstratives 109 4.2.2 The features of demonstratives 112 4.2.3 Demonstratives and suffixed articles 112 4.2.4 Morphologically complex demonstratives 116 4.3 Pronouns, demonstratives and determiners 118 4.3.1 Demonstratives and determiners 118 4.3.2 Determiners and personal pronouns 119 4.3.3 Personal pronouns and demonstratives 123 4.4 Strong quantifiers 129 4.5 Summary 137 CHAPTER 5 Postnominal possessors 138 5.1 Introduction 138 5.2 Postnominal possessors in Scandinavian DP 139 5.3 Possessive PPs 143 5.3.1 Possessive PPs and definiteness 143 5.3.2 Licensing of possessive PPs 145 CONTENTS vii 5.3.3 Possessive PPs and case 148 5.3.4 Possessive PPs in Jutland Danish 149 5.3.5 Binding out of possessive PPs 151 5.4 Postnominal possessors with genitive case 156 5.5 Postnominal pronominal possessors 159 5.5.1 The case of pronominal possessors 159 5.5.2 The licensing of postnominal pronominal possessors 161 5.5.3 Morphologically invariant possessive pronouns 164 5.5.4 A note on Delsing’s analysis 166 5.6 The possessive pronoun and proper name construction 168 5.6.1 The syntax of possessive pronouns with proper names 169 5.6.2 Possessive pronouns and proprial articles 174 5.7 Coordination of postnominal possessors 178 5.7.1 Coordination of postnominal possessors: the facts 178 5.7.2 Coordination of postnominal possessors: the analysis 182 5.8 Inalienable possession 188 5.9 The DP level 193 5.10 Summary 195 CHAPTER 6 Prenominal possessors 197 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Prenominal possessors in Scandinavian DPs 197 6.3 Prenominal possessive pronouns 201 6.3.1 The relation to n 201 6.3.2 Focused prenominal possessors 203 6.3.3 The position of prenominal pronominal possessors 206 6.3.4 On spelling out D 211 6.4 The prenominal possessor doubling construction 214 6.4.1 Two different sin elements 214 6.4.2 The syntax of the doubling construction 217 6.4.3 Some notes on variation 220 6.5 The possessive –s 223 6.5.1 The possessive –s and the doubling construction 224 6.5.2 A ‘mixed’ construction 227 6.5.3 A different possessive –s 233 6.6 Pseudopossessors 237 6.6.1 Swearword pseudopossessors 238 6.6.2 Measure pseudopossessors 241 6.6.3 Characterising pseudopossessors 244 6.7 The definiteness of possessed nominal phrases 247 6.8 Summary 249 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 Predicates and arguments 251 7.1 Introduction 251 7.2 Bare singular nominals 252 7.2.1 The context dependency of BSN arguments 253 7.2.2 Nominal predicates with and without indefinite determiner 255 7.2.3 On the syntax of bare singular nominals 261 7.2.4 The morphology of indefinite determiners 266 7.3 Tests for predicatehood 268 7.3.1 Embedding under ‘consider’ 269 7.3.2 Topicalisation 271 7.3.3 Pseudoclefting and nonrestrictive relatives 272 7.3.4 Coordination 273 7.3.5 Summing up the tests 277 7.4 The size of predicate nominals 278 7.4.1 Definite nominal phrases 278 7.4.2 Possessed nominal phrases 279 7.4.3 Possessors followed by numerals 286 7.4.4 A note on adjectives 288 7.4.5 Strong quantifiers and demonstratives 289 7.4.6 The Pred head 292 7.5 Summary 295 CHAPTER 8 Some crosslinguistic perspectives 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 Variation in spellout 297 8.2.1 Languages with no visible n 297 8.2.2 Multiple definiteness markers 299 8.3 Variation in movement 304 8.3.1 The base-generated order 304 8.3.2 Fronting of the nominal 306 8.3.3 The inverse order 310 8.4 Variation in possessor licensing 313 8.4.1 Possessors related to the n head 313 8.4.2 Possessors not related to the n head 317 8.5 Concluding remarks 320 References 325 Language index 338 Subject index 341 PREFACE The seed that would eventually grow to become this book was sown in the spring of 2000, when I was assigned the topic for one of the two lectures that I was to give on the evening before the defence of my doctoral dissertation. (To get a PhD in Norway one has to go through a procedure that lasts more than 30 hours, if the party is included—a procedure that is very exhausting but also very rewarding.) My dissertation dealt with the relation between syntax and morphology in the verbal domain, carefully avoiding any discussion of the nominal domain, which looked so much more complicated to me, especially in the Scandinavian languages. So I was not too happy when I was informed, the prescribed two weeks before the defence, that my doctoral committee wanted me to give a lecture on the syntax of Scandinavian nominal phrases. Nevertheless, while I was busy working out an analysis of said phrases I realised that the topic was actually very interesting. And not only did I manage to give the lecture that the committee asked for, but once I had started it turned out that I could not stop thinking about nominal phrases and their syntactic structure. After a while I began to develop the manuscript for the lecture into a paper, which was published as Julien (2002a). However, there were many aspects of Scandinavian nominal phrases that the paper did not cover. For a while my plan was to write some more papers, but eventually I realised that a monograph would be a more suitable form. And here it is. At this point, I first of all want to thank the members of my doctoral com- mittee—Mark Baker, Anders Holmberg and Gunlög Josefsson—for forcing me to look into Scandinavian nominal phrases in the first place. For information on the data presented in this book, and for helpful discussions, I thank Berit Anne Bals, Donall O Baoill, Ken Ramshøj Christensen, Lars-Olof Delsing, Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Madeleine Halmøy, Zakaris Hansen, Anders Holm- berg, Gunnar Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson, Þórbjörg Hróarsdóttir, David Håkansson, Vyara Istratkova, Knut Johansen, Jóhannes Gísli Jónsson, Gunlög Josefsson, Dalina Kallulli, Helge Leirvik, Ove Lorentz, Máire Ní Chiosáin, Øystein Nilsen, Martin Næs, Florin Oprina, Asya Pereltsvaig, Yevgenia Romanova, Henrik Rosenkvist, Bodil Kappel Schmidt, Halldór Sigurðsson, Knut Tarald Taraldsen, Camilla Thurén, Trond Trosterud, Øystein Vangsnes and Sten Vik- ner. I thank the audiences at SCL 19 in Tromsø, at Grammar in Focus 2002 in Lund, at the CASTL Kick-Off Conference in Tromsø, at the Grammar Seminar in Lund (on several occasions), at MONS 10 at Agder University College, at