MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES AMONG REHABILITATED AND NOMADIC VAN GU]]ARS IN HARDW AR, UTTARANCHAL THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH·Y IN DAIRY EXTENSION BY SABYASACHIDAS DIVISION OF DAIRY EXTENSION NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ( I. C. A. R. ) KARNAL· 132001 (HARVANA), INDIA 2003 Regn. No. 1112K03 /; .. :::. ::.::: ..... ·~·T::·;<~>:: :;j~j~::;:j:;Y<jjj<T<jjj~>·:·::·:~:~::·:: :::'<:<:T .:.. "::' '::::>:;:;<:::::::::;::.'::'" ." .. ....•................... ... . .. ..... ..... . .... ........ ....".. ..... ... ........".... .... .... .. .... ... .... . 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A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES AMONG REHABILITATED AND NOMADIC VAN GUJJARS IN HARDWAR, UTTARANCHAL By SABYASACHIDAS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) KARNAL (HARY ANA) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DAIRY, EXTENSION EDUCATION ~~~ Approved by: f/~.'~S4 ( "DR, "J . S . S 0 ~, ) ( B.S. MALIK) EXTERNAL EXAMINER MAJOR ADVISOR & CHAIRMAN (GUIDE) Members, Advisory Committee 1. Dr. J.P. Dhaka , Principal Scientist, DES&M Division 2. Dr. S.S. Thakur Principal Scientist, DeN Division 3. Prof. Surendra Singh Principal Scientist & DES&M Division 4. Dr. GopaJ SankhaJa Scientist (SS), Dairy Extn. Division 5. Dr. S. Chinnadurai Scientist (SS), Dairy Extn. Division Dr. B.S. MALIK' Senior Scientist Dairy Extension Division National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University) Karnal-132001 (Haryana), India Dated: December<7 ,2003 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, "A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES AMONG REHABILITATED AND NOMADIC VAN GUJJARS IN HARDWAR, UTTARANCHAL" submitted by Mr. SABYASACHI DAS towards the partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in DAIRY EXTENSION EDUCATION of the NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (DEEMED UNIVERSITY), Karnal (Haryana), India, is a bonafide research work carried out by him under my supervision, and no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. ~ ( B.S. MALIK) MAJOR ADVISOR & CHAIRMAN (GUIDE) On liaving confronting witli so many painsta/(ing days during my rnoctora[ researcli wor/( and noW wlien wor/( is going to bear fruit, I fee[ indebted to many generous persons wlio cooperated and [end tlieir gracefu[ liands to me to taste tlie fruit. 'Tliis note is just a reminder tliat tliey deserve my lieartje[t /(udos for tlieir efforts. 'J{f_vertlie[ess, I eKPress my apo[ogy to tliose wliose names get an unintentiona[ ei\_dusion. Witli stupendous ecstasy and profoundity of comp[ancy, J wisli to vow my genuFezion witli deep sense of gratitude to 'Dr. 'B.S. ']v[aMv Senior Scientist, 'Division of 'lJairy 'Ei\_tension and Cliairman of my 5'Ldvisory Committee for liis conscientious guidance, gracious, cordia[ and meticu[ous attitude, constructive CIlpCications and encapsu[ative remar~ tlirougliout tlie period 'ilf my researcli wor/( :His va[ua6[e suggestions brouglit a panacea for me in deaCing witli tliis researcli pro6[em. Witliout liis stimu[ating counse[ and consistent encouragement, tliis study wou[d liave no t been possi6[e iru!eea. J am immense[y gratefu[ to tlie members of my 5'Ldvisory Committee, rnr. J.P. 'Dlia/(a, Principa[ Scientist, rn'Es']v[; rnr. S.S. %a/(ur, Principa[ Scientist, 'DC'J{j Prof. Surendra Singli, Principa[ Scientist, 'D'ES:M; 'Dr. Cjopa[ San/(lia[a, Scientist, 'Division of rnairy 'Ei\_tensionj 'Dr. S. Cliinnadurai, Scientist, rnivision of 'Dairy 'Ei\_tension for tlieir slieer fanaticism in ma/(jng carefut comments and defiberate criticism to erase out tlie mai\_imum possi6[e errors from tlie heuristics under[ying tlie pro6[em statement. 'Their wise remar~ liave ena6[ed me to find my feet in severa[ o6 [ivio us occasions J liave ever faced in conducting the researcli. J am evreme[y tlianKju[ to 'Dr. 'l\.pm Cliand, Principa[ scientist & :Head, rnivision of 'lJairy 'Ei\_tension, for providing me tlie necessary researcli facifities in time. J fee[ lium6[e gratitude to "Jlia Sir" wliose precious advices lic!ped to drag /lie out from every critica[ situations wliife conducting tliis stuay. J have been greai[y benefitd by liis inva[ua6[e counse[ ana morae support whicli lias been a constant motivation for me at a[[ tlie stages of this study. J am deep[y o6[iged and tlianlifu[ to a[[ tlie staff members of the (Division of 'Dairy 'Li\_tension for tlieir continuous cooperation ana time[y lie[p renaered auring my rnoctora[ Programme in tlie division. (The !lllIl/ificellt cooperation oj tlie stl~fJ /IIcII16crs oj OJ(icc o( tlie '1!J)iM LUi> 'Wa rae n, 'Deliradun; Office of tlie Virector, 'i(ajaji 'J{ptiona[ Parfv Vehradull; 'l\pnge OJ/icers of'l(ajaji 'J{ationa[ Park..i are grateful(lf aC/(llow[eagea for tlieir he[p ill conducting survey am{ aata correction. I ('''In. fhM1VI/I r to 1'>/: :1«fr(, t 11~,'i),dQ 1,6' f1JI~) Jc /nc( ,t,e (f' I cherishea the sweet memories of gooa moments with my aepartmenta[ frienas, Jtnja[i, aaau, ana l_R__oy for tfieir fiumourous enchantment, I am o/}{igerf to a[[ my seniors, especia[(lf Sl_R__'1( sir, Jtnuj sir ana 'Bfia6iji, Jtjay sir ana 'J{jsfii mam, 'Yaaav sir, 'IJas sir, Punnaswamy sir, l_R__upinaer sir, ana '}v{eena sir for their sfieer a[truism ana to my be[ovea juniors 'J{agaraju, San{ar, Lafita, Jtjith, Sapna, Latha, Sira[an, Senthir 'Banwari[ar Vijay ana Vpayana, 'Jvfeena, Sri[atha, La/(Ia, o/en/(pt, Vi~!am, Vani, Jlimansfiu, (jangu[y, '1(ushan~ur, (jupta ana Jinana for their affection ana encouragement which have consistent(y maae me a6[e to fina a rhythm in persevering the stuay in time, Won{, cease to erpress my sense of appreciation ana hearty Jeerings to Illy /Jest paL, Sona[i, Satpati, Sanaip, ana '1(oushi{ who have stooa /Jy me through every thic{ ana thin in the [ong ana recent past of my [ife, I '[(Jish to avai[ this opportunity to ex:presJ my fiearty fee!ings towarrfs my seniors at 'JIf.'D'i(I, .7Ltu[ sir, Pau[ sir~ Suraj sir, 'lJari sir, 'lJP sir, 'J(umarave[ sir, 'JvfuJ(esfi sir, Ma[ir( sir, .7Lmitaa, Suafiamani sir, ana Cf\{Ir(esfi sir for tfieir affection, inspiration ana hospitafity wfiicfi fiefpea me enormous[y to cope witfi severa[ unp[easant circumstances I fiave encou71terea aurin£ I my stay at 'Krishna J{oste( The fiumorous company ana hefp qtenaea by my frienas 'i(aja, 'i(amesh, Pawas ana Smita, 'Barman, Ve[u, Pan{aj ana Tanweer; ana /Jy my roving juniors 'Jvfishra, 'Jvfunish, C'B, Panaey, Chinmoy, 'JIf.anga0 J{arry, Somni, Vaishno, 'Jvfurthy, Panaiyan, 'Banto, 'Jvfafifv (jupta, 'i(anga, 'i(avinaran, .7Lnif ana Sushi[a, 'J(U1W0 fJ?jsha6fi, Swapni0 T,[a, Manifv (Iripathy, Pank._aj, To fen, Tyag( Sar/Jesh, 'J<!]; .7Lsfiish, 'Basant, Pa[tani, (janna, Panait, 'Jvfangesfi, Shivra)~ Sanjeev, Prana6 ana Sunee{ is specia[[y ac{nowfeagerf, I can not forget tfiose wonaeTju[ moments I enjoyea with sujitaa, '1(ausfii{aa, 'Bisuaa, ~'J[nitaaa, 'Jvfonafisfiaai, .7Lminur, Santanu & .7LrUu, (joutam/J{jsha 'Biswarup, Inara, ShukJa, Soumitra, Jipama, ana Sand'ip, J am fiigfi{y thanfJu( to them for tfieir utfconaitfona( support ana hefp, I fina myself incapa6[e of ex:pressing the va(ue of encouragement ana mora[ support renaerea by '1(a[yanaa, 'Birfhanaa, ana Souvif(!a, I can not forget precious moments spent with 'i(ajesh who have stooa 6y me through every tfiick, ana tfiin aurin£ I the entire course of my stay at 'J{_'lJ'l(J, I have a(so a high aegree of panegyric for my juniors 'Barun, 'Bhanu, '](umir 'Bisu, 'Bisu Lee, Chitto, 'J{jhar, 1.1ttam, Shit, .7Lvijit, Soumen, 'IJwaipayan, '}v{u{esh, suaipto, Chanau, Pra{ash, Pra[oy, J'iroz, ana o/ive{ananaa as weIr as 'i(avinaer & Puneet ('Jvfess 'J{O, 7) ana many others ned inaiviaua[ mention who maae my stay at 'J{'IJ'i(I a "home away from home", I am a(so quite gratefu[ to a[[ those student friends and'l(rishnites in particu[ar, (wfiose name did not appear in the aGove paragraph due to my unintentiona[ error) for their company which lias provided me a tremendous source of encouragement during the course of this study. Vhrubada and fami{y, ']Juttada and jami{y, Sachida and famiLy, 'Mihirda and jami{y, JIvijitda and jami{y and others in the (('J3ang[a Community" have a(so [ent a cordia[ jeel1ng during different phases oj my stay here. I am deep{y o6[iged to the resett[ed as we[[ as nomadic o/an (jujjars jor their fJnd cooperation at the time oj data co[[ection. My specia[ reverence to 'l(una['s fami{y who e?(tended warm support during my stay at J{ardwar. 'The jinancia[ assistance given by 'JI[_ DfU during the whore study period is dufy acl(now[edged. I wou[d I1l(e to thanl( 'Yogeshji jor patience and careju[ typing and mal(ing necessary em[;[azonment in the manuscript. 'The fJnd of nurture and [essons I got jrom ']Jr. S. 'J.[, Laharia, ~td. Professor, 'E?(tension 'Education, CCS :fIJI'll, JIisar, have a{ways been he[pju( to me in taking rationa( decisions in ambigUOUS situations. My vocabu[ary utterfy faifs in qpressing my trioutes to 'Bidisha, who motivated me in innumera[;[e ways With her sympathetic and understanding nature and inspired me to achieve my goafs and made me visual1z.e a ray of hope in e?(treme darl(ness. JIer constant encouragement brought me to this stage of my academic fife. 'Words jaiC to emanate my heartje[t feel1ngs jor ']Jidi & SUbhasishda who have provided me untiring encouragement and constant morae support at the time when I jeft v{ue. 'Their inspiration proved to be a panacea and a[ways.hefped me to drag out from the quagmire. Last oiit not the [east, [wish to convey my heartfe[t reVerences to my dearest 'mamoni' and 'bapi' jor their motivation, possessiveness and nurture in counteracting every obstacfes coming in the way oj my evo[ution. 'They are my whore and sore inspirations behind each and every achievement oj my rife. 'Without their inva[ua[;[e sacrifices and mora[ support it wou[d have not been possi[;[e for me to reach at this [andmar\: It is a matter oj pride jar me to have them as my parents. I)</; ~~: 'J(fzma[ (s':1;::tJi'DaS) Vecemver ~ 1, 2003 JlutflOr ABSTRACT A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES AMONG REHABILITATED AND NOMADIC VAN GUJJARS IN HARDWAR,UTTARANCHAL The Van Gujjars, a trans-nomadic dairy community, are rearing cattle, sheep and goat in Jammu & Kashmir, sheep and goat in Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh, and buffaloes in Uttaranchal. After the introduction of Wild Life Act the Govt. is trying to settle down this indigenous community. A large number of families use to migrate to hills of Rajaji National Park during summer season. Van Gujjars contributes a lot to the rural and urban economy by supplying milk and milk products, which are belief to be good quality. People prefer their milk and milk products since they do not adulterate the milk, being committed to their cultural tradition. But, at the moment, the Gujjars are facing an uncertain future since attempt has made to resettle them in places where they would have to make lot of adjustment against their will. Grazing based dairy production system being followed by Van Gujjars may be more sustainable. But, these people have been ignored by large and very little effort has been made as far as research is concerned. This research study has been proposed with the following objective of the proposed research study: 1. To study the socio-economic and cultural profile of the van Gujjars. 2. To document indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) possessed by the Van Gujjars regarding dairy farming practices. 3. To ascertain knowledge level and attitude of the Van Gujjars towards improved dairy farming practices. 4. To study and compare existing dairy farming practices followed by the rehabilitated and nomadic Van Gujjars regarding breeding, feeding, health care, and management and marketing. 5. To identify and rank constraints in dairying as perceived by the rehabilitated and nomadic Van Gujjars. The major findings of the study are: * A large majority of the selected resettled as well as nomadic Van Gujjars were young in age. 40.00 percent of the resettled Van Gujjars were neo-Iiterate; however, none of the selected nomadic Van Gujjars was literate. * 49.34 per cent of the resettled Van Gujjars had moderate level of participation in various social organizations. But 56.00 percent of the nomadic Van Gujjars were neither the member nor the office bearer of any such organization. * Information seeking behaviour of the nomadic Van Gujjars was confined only with personal localite sources. * Average herd size of the resettled Van Gujjars was 11 whereas, it was found to be 29 animals per household among the nomadic respondents. * Most of the resettled Van Gujjars did not have ownership right of their allotted land. * Milk production of nomadic households was higher than resettled Van Gujjars. * Both resettled and nomadic respondents had to rely on informal credit institutions for their production and consumption credit needs. * 57.33 and 48.00 percent of the resettled and nomadic respondents, respectively, had medium level of knowledge about improved dairy farming practices (IDFP). * Age, education, folk belief, income, overall use of communication sources, urban contact, risk preference and attitude of the resettled Van Gujjars had significant contribution towards their knowledge level regarding IDFP. * Path analysis also revealed that variables, viz., attitude, risk preference, personal cosmopolite, income, milk production and overall use of communication sources had more direct effect towards dependent variable i.e., knowledge of the resettled Van Gujjars regarding IDFP. * It was observed that age, folk belief, herd size, value orientation and attitude of the nomadic respondents had significant contribution in their knowledge regarding IOFP. * Risk preference, value orientation, age, attitude and milk production had largest direct effect on knowledge of the nomadic respondents in descending order. * Majority of the resettled respondents (52.00%) had neutral attitude while 80 percent of the nomadic Van Gujjars had neutral attitude towards IOFP. * Age and folk belief had negative and significant correlation with attitude of the resettled Van Gujjars. * Step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that knowledge, value orientation, income, risk orientation, education and urban contact were able to determine 81.00 percent change in attitude of the resettled Van Gujjars. * Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, folk belief, income, milk production, risk orientation, value orientation and knowledge had significant contribution in attitude of the nomadic Van Gujjars. * The study observed that not a single respondent, neither resettled nor nomadic, adopted artificial insemination. * They did not take help from veterinary surgeon for pregnancy diagnosis (PO). * Grazing and lopping are the method of feeding among the nomadic Van Gujjars, while 76.00 percent of the resettled respondent followed a combination of stall and grazing method. * Both nomadic and resettled Van Gujjars could properly identify many diseases, including FMO, HS and BQ. * Practices like use of dried leaves and gunny bags as the bedding material for the young stock, colostrum feeding, deworming were being followed. * The study revealed that inadequate knowledge in fodder cultivation and improved dairy farming, ineffective extension services, non-availability of veterinary medicine and distant location of veterinary hospitals were the major technical constraints in dairy farming among resettled Van Gujjars. * Lack of credit facilities from Government Institutions, hefty charges of veterinary 'surgeons and high cost of veterinary medicine have been considered as major economic bottlenecks by the respondents of resettlement colony. * Lack of transportation facilities, non-existence of dairy cooperatives, non availability of veterinary staff, and lack of proper cattle shed were important infrastructural constraints faced by the resettled Van Gujjars. * For the nomadic Van Gujjars, inadequate quality of fodder due to restricted . movement imposed by forest department, non-availability of veterinary surgeon, when required urgently, for the treatment of sick animals, non-availability of medicine in time were the crucial obstacles. * High charges for grazing and lopping permit, exploitation of middleman, high charges of veterinary surgeon, lack of credit facility have been major economic constraints faced by the nomadic Van Gujjars. * Nomadic Van Gujjars expressed that lack of transportation and marketing facilities, non-existence of dairy cooperatives and shortages of water during summer were causing a great deal of problem in their dairy farming. Findings of the present study clearly suggested that there is an urgent need to provide ownership right and other basic physical amenities to the resettled Van Gujjars. 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