NOBEL LECTURES IN PHYSICS 1963-1970 NOBEL LECTURES I P S NCLUDING RESENTATION PEECHES A L ' B ND AUREATES IOGRAPHIES PHYSICS CHEMISTRY PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE LITERATURE PEACE ECONOMIC SCIENCES NOBEL LECTURES I P S NCLUDIN G RESENTATIO N PEECHE S A L B ND AUREATE S IOGRAPHIE S PHYSICS 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 0 b World Scientific b S’ mgapore New Jersey • London Hong Kong l l Publishedfor the Nobel Foundation in I998 by g nci ihdfs lii.rtloonbCWeu iP.ceStP.dtL 50821 9 eropagniS ,daoR rerraF ,821 xoB 0 P USA office: tiuS e ,Bl 0601 niaM ,teertS reviR ,egdE JN16670 UK office: 75 no t,ltee hetSrn te,SvnoeCdroadGnoL n H2CW 9HE NOBEL LECTURES IN PHYSICS (1963-1970) All rights reserved. ISBN 98 1-02-3404-X detnirP ni.eropagniS Foreword Since 1901 the Nobel Foundation has published annually “Les Prix Nobel” with reports from the Nobel Award Ceremonies in Stockholm and Oslo as well as the biographies and Nobel lectures of the laureates. In order to make the lectures available to people with special interests in the different prize fields the Foundation gave Elsevier Publishing Company the right to publish in English the lectures for 1901-1970, which were published in 1964-1972 through the following volumes: Physics 1901-1970 4volumes Chemistry 1901-1970 4volumes Physiology or Medicine 1901-1970 4volumes Literature 1901-1967 1 volume Peace 1901-1970 3 volumes Elsevier decided later not to continue the Nobel project. It is therefore with great satisfaction that the Nobel Foundation has given World Scientific Publishing Company the right to bring the series up to date. The Nobel Foundation is very pleased that the intellectual and spiritual message to the world laid down in the laureates’ lectures will, thanks to the efforts of World Scientific, reach new readers all over the world. Lars Gyllensten Stig Ramel Chairman of the Board Executive Director Stockholm, June 1991 Contents Foreword V s’rehsilbuPetoN VII I963 EUGENE P.WIGNER, M dna MARIA GOEPPERT REYA H .J J .D SNA NESNE Motivation I noitatneserP yb .IrellaW 3 ,stnevE swal fo ,erutan dna ecnaira v,nsielpicnirpyb eneguE .PrengiW 6 yhpargoiB eneguE .PrengiW 81 ehT llehs ,ledom yb airaM treppeoGreyaM 20 yhpargoiB airaM treppeoGreyaM 83 sespmilG ta eht yrotsih fo eht raelcun erutcurts ,yroehtyb n se. nsJ.anDHeJ 40 yhpargoiB J. snaH .nDesneJ 15 I964 C HARLE S T.H SENWO , N IKOLA I B.G VOSA , and A LEXANDE R M.P ROCHOROV Motivation 53 noitatneserP yb .BntldE 55 noitcudorP fo tnerehoc noitaidar yb smota dna ,selucelomyb selrahC .HsenwoT 85 yhpargoiB selrahC .HsenwoT 87 rotcudnocim e,Ssresal yb ialokiN .GvosaB 89 yhpargoiB ialokiN .GvosaB 106 mutnauQ ,scinortcele yb .M.AvorohcorP 110 yhpargoiB rednaxelA .MvorohcorP II7 VIII STNETNOC 1965 S I N - ITIR O T O M O N A G A , J ULIA N S CHWINGE R , and R ICHAR D F.P NAMNYE Motivation 121 noitatneserP yb .IrellaW 321 tnempoleveD fo mutnauq ,scimanydortcele yboriti-niS Tomonaga 126 yhpargoiB oriti-niS aganomoT 137 citsivitaleR mutnauq dleif ,yroeht yb nailuJregniwhcS 140 yhpargoiB nailuJregniwhcS 3S1 ehT tnempoleved fo eht -ecaps emit weiv fo mutnauq-ortcele ,scimanyd yb drahciR .PnamnyeF 551 yhpargoiB drahciRP . namnyeF 971 6691 A LFRE D K ASTLER Motivation 181 noi tyabtnesIerP . rellaW 183 lacitpO sdohtem rofniyduts g naiztreH ,secnanoseryb derflAreltsaK 186 yhpargoiB derflAreltsaK 502 769I H AN S A LBRECHT B EHTE Motivation 902 noitatneserP yb .0nielK 211 yg rneoniEtcudorp ni ,srats yb .HA . ehteB 512 yhpargoiB snaHhcerblA t ehteB 235 8691 L SIU A.W ZERAVL Motivation 237 noit aytbne s.eSrPov n neseirF 239 tne csetRnempoleved ni elcitra p,scisyhp yb siuL .WzeravlA 241 yhpargoiB siuL .WzeravlA 291 1969 M URRA Y G EL L - M A N N Motivation 293 noitatneserP yb .IrellaW 592 yrtemmyS dna stnerruc ni elcitrap ,scisyhp ybyarruM Gell-Mann 992 yhpargoiB yarruM nnaM-lleG 003 STNETNOC IX 1970 H ANNE S A NÉVFL and L OUI S N LEÉ Motivation 301 noitatneserP yb .TnossfatsuG 303 amsal P,scisyhp ecaps hcraeser dna eht nigiro fo ehtralos metsys yb sennaH névflA 306 yhpargoiB sennaHnévflA 317 msitengaM dna eht laco lralucelo mdleif ybiuoL s leéN 318 yhpargoiB siuoL 1eéN 342 emaN xednI 345 tcejbuSxednI 350 xednI fo seihpargoiB 153 351 scisyhP 1963 EUGENE P.WIGNER << for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles >> MARIA GOEPPERT MAYER J.HANS D.JENSEN << for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure >>