99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 1 Exploration of Africa: The Emerging Nations Nigeria 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 2 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 3 Introduction Exploration of Africa: The Emerging Nations Nigeria 1880 to the Present: The Struggle, the Tragedy, the Promise Daniel E. Harmon Introductory essay by Dr. Richard E. Leakey Chairman, Wildlife Clubs of Kenya Association + Afterword by Deirdre Shields CHELSEA HOUSE PUBLISHERS Philadelphia In association with Covos Day Books, South Africa 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 4 CHELSEA HOUSE PUBLISHERS EDITORINCHIEF Stephen Reginald PRODUCTIONMANAGER Pamela Loos ARTDIRECTOR Sara Davis PICTUREEDITOR Judy L. Hasday MANAGINGEDITOR James D. Gallagher SENIORPRODUCTIONEDITOR LeeAnne Gelletly ASSOCIATEARTDIRECTOR Takeshi Takahashi SERIESDESIGNER Keith Trego COVERDESIGN Emiliano Begnardi © 2001 by Chelsea House Publishers, a subsidiary of Haights Cross Communica- tions. All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. The Chelsea House World Wide Web address is http://www.chelseahouse.com All photographs in this book © Royal Geographical Society. No reproduction of images without permission. Royal Geographical Society 1 Kensington Gore London SW7 2AR 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harmon, Daniel. Nigeria / Daniel Harmon. p. cm. — (Exploration of Africa, the emerging nations) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Photographs and text look at the past, development, and present culture of Nigeria and its inhabitants. ISBN 0-7910-5452-7 1. Nigeria—History—Juvenile literature. [1. Nigeria.] I. Title. II. Series. DT515.58 .H37 2000 966.9—dc21 99-058749 The photographs in this book are from the Royal Geographical Society Picture Library. Most are being pub- lished for the first time. The Royal Geographical Society Picture Library provides an unrivaled source of over half a million images of peoples and landscapes from around the globe. Photographs date from the 1840s onwards on a variety of sub- jects including the British Colonial Empire, deserts, exploration, indigenous peoples, landscapes, remote desti- nations, and travel. Photography, beginning with the daguerreotype in 1839, is only marginally younger than the Society, which encouraged its explorers to use the new medium from its earliest days. From the remarkable mid-19th century black-and-white photographs to color transparencies of the late 20th century, the focus of the collection is not the generic stock shot but the portrayal of man’s resilience, adaptability and mobility in remote parts of the world. In organizing this project, we have incurred many debts of gratitude. Our first, though, is to the professional staff of the Picture Library for their generous assistance, especially to Joanna Scadden, Picture Library Manager. 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 5 CONTENTS THE DARK CONTINENT Dr. Richard E. Leakey 7 INTRODUCTION 15 1 WHAT BROUGHT EUROPEANS TO NIGERIA 25 2 LIFE IN NIGERIA DURING EUROPEAN COLONIZATION 53 3 RESULTS OF COLONIZATION 85 4 CHANGES DURING THE LAST 120 YEARS 105 CHRONOLOGY 130 WORLD WITHOUT END Deirdre Shields 132 FURTHER READING 137 INDEX 138 5 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 6 E A : XPLORATION OF FRICA T E N HE MERGING ATIONS Angola Central and East Africa The Congo Egypt Ethiopia Nigeria North Africa South Africa Southeast Africa Sudan West Africa 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 7 THE DARK CONTINENT DR. RICHARD E. LEAKEY THE CONCEPT OF AFRICAN exploration has been greatly influ- enced by the hero status given to the European adventurers and mis- sionaries who went off to Africa in the last century. Their travels and travails were certainly extraordinary and nobody can help but be impressed by the tremendous physical and intellectual courage that was so much a characteristic of people such as Livingstone, Stanley, Speke, and Baker, to name just a few. The challenges and rewards that Africa offered, both in terms of commerce and also “saved souls,” inspired people to take incredible risks and endure personal suffering to a degree that was probably unique to the exploration of Africa. I myself was fortunate enough to have had the opportunity to orga- nize one or two minor expeditions to remote spots in Africa where there were no roads or airfields and marching with porters and/or camels was the best option at the time. I have also had the thrill of being with people untouched and often unmoved by contact with West- ern or other technologically based cultures, and these experiences remain for me amongst the most exciting and salutary of my life. With the contemporary revolution in technology, there will be few if any such opportunities again. Indeed I often find myself slightly saddened by the realization that were life ever discovered on another planet, exploration would doubtless be done by remote sensing and making full use of artificial, digital intelligence. At least it is unlikely to be in my lifetime and this is a relief! 7 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 8 introduction Notwithstanding all of this, I believe that the age of exploration and discovery in Africa is far from over. The future offers incredible opportunities for new discoveries that will push back the frontiers of knowledge. This endeavor will of course not involve exotic and ardu- ous journeys into malaria-infested tropical swamps, but it will cer- tainly require dedication, team work, public support, and a conviction that the rewards to be gained will more than justify the efforts and investment. Early Explorers Many of us were raised and educated at school with the belief that Africa, the so-called Dark Continent, was actually discovered by early European travelers and explorers. The date of this “discovery” is difficult to establish, and anyway a distinction has always had to be drawn between northern Africa and the vast area south of the Sahara. The Romans certainly had information about the continent’s interior as did others such as the Greeks. A diverse range of traders ventured down both the west coast and the east coast from at least the ninth century, and by the tenth century Islam had taken root in a number of new towns and settlements established by Persian and Arab interests along the eastern tropical shores. Trans-African trade was probably under way well before this time, perhaps partly stimulated by exter- nal interests. Close to the beginning of the first millennium, early Christians were establishing the Coptic church in the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia and at other coastal settlements along Africa’s northern Mediterranean coast. Along the west coast of Africa, European trade in gold, ivory, and people was well established by the sixteenth century. Several hun- dred years later, early in the 19th century, the systematic penetration and geographical exploration of Africa was undertaken by Europeans seeking geographical knowledge and territory and looking for opportu- nities not only for commerce but for the chance to spread the Gospel. The extraordinary narratives of some of the journeys of early European travelers and adventurers in Africa are a vivid reminder of just how recently Africa has become embroiled in the power struggles and vested interests of non-Africans. 8 99-228 FM pp12 11/15/02 6:30 AM Page 9 the dark continent Africa’s Gift to the World My own preoccupation over the past thirty years has been to study human prehistory, and from this perspective it is very clear that Africa was never “discovered” in the sense in which so many people have been and, perhaps, still are being taught. Rather, it was Africans them- selves who found that there was a world beyond their shores. Prior to about two million years ago, the only humans or proto- humans in existence were confined to Africa; as yet, the remaining world had not been exposed to this strange mammalian species, which in time came to dominate the entire planet. It is no trivial matter to rec- ognize the cultural implications that arise from this entirely different perspective of Africa and its relationship to the rest of humanity. How many of the world’s population grow up knowing that it was in fact African people who first moved and settled in southern Europe and Central Asia and migrated to the Far East? How many know that Africa’s principal contribution to the world is in fact humanity itself? These concepts are quite different from the notion that Africa was only “discovered” in the past few hundred years and will surely change the commonly held idea that somehow Africa is a “laggard,” late to come onto the world stage. It could be argued that our early human forebears—the Homo erec- tuswho moved out of Africa—have little or no bearing on the contem- porary world and its problems. I disagree and believe that the often pejorative thoughts that are associated with the Dark Continent and dark skins, as well as with the general sense that Africans are somehow outside the mainstream of human achievement, would be entirely negated by the full acceptance of a universal African heritage for all of humanity. This, after all, is the truth that has now been firmly estab- lished by scientific inquiry. The study of human origins and prehistory will surely continue to be important in a number of regions of Africa and this research must con- tinue to rank high on the list of relevant ongoing exploration and dis- covery. There is still much to be learned about the early stages of human development, and the age of the “first humans”—the first bipedal apes—has not been firmly established. The current hypothesis is that prior to five million years ago there were no bipeds, and this 9