Life Safety Code® Handbook FOURTEENTH EDITION Edited by Gregory E. Harrington, P.E. Kristin C. Bigda, P.E. Principal Engineer, Building Fire Principal Engineer, Building Fire Protection and Life Safety Protection and Life Safety National Fire Protection Association National Fire Protection Association With the complete text of the 2018 edition of NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code® NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION The leading information and knowledge resource on fire, electrical and related hazards A Guide to Using the Life Safety Code® Handbook This fourteenth edition of the Life Safety Code® Handbook contains the complete manda- tory text of the 2018 edition of NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, and the nonmandatory annex material. Commentary is provided in this handbook to explain the reasoning behind the Code’s requirements. Section 12.1/13.1 ● General Requirements 449 CCHHAAPPTTEERR 1122 ●●NNeeww CCHHAAPPTTEERR 1133 ●● EExxiissttiinngg protection is required on the subbasement assembly occupancy rise buildings). Each of these subsections is to be applied inde- New and Existing Occupancy floor, the basement level between the subbasement and the pendently of the others to determine whether automatic sprin- level of exit discharge, and the level of exit discharge if any open- kler protection is required. For example, the provisions of chapters (12–23 and 28–39) are ings exist between the level of exit discharge and the enclosed 12/13.3.5 and 12/13.4.4 might not require sprinklers, while the exit stairs serving the assembly occupancy. provisions of 12/13.1.6 might require sprinklers for an assembly paired for easy comparison The three primary subsections that address automatic occupancy with a given occupant load, based on building con- sprinkler protection that might be required in assembly occu- struction type and location within the building. If one subsec- pancies are 12/13.1.6 (minimum construction requirements), tion requires sprinklers while the others do not, sprinklers are 12/13.3.5 (extinguishment requirements), and 12/13.4.4 (high- required to be provided. 12.1.7 Occupant Load. 13.1.7 Occupant Load. Commentary text is printed in blue 12.1.7.1*General.The occupant load, in number of persons for whom 13.1.7.1*General.The occupant load, in number of persons for whom means of egress and other provisions are required, shall be determined means of egress and other provisions are required, shall be determined to distinguish it from Code text. on the basis of the occupant load factors of Table 7.3.1.2 that are char- on the basis of the occupant load factors of Table 7.3.1.2 that are char- acteristic of the use of the space or shall be determined as the maximum acteristic of the use of the space or shall be determined as the maximum probable population of the space under consideration, whichever is probable population of the space under consideration, whichever is greater. greater. A.12.1.7.1The increase in occupant load above that calculated using A.13.1.7.1The increase in occupant load above that calculated using occupant load factors from Table 7.3.1.2 is permitted if the provisions occupant load factors from Table 7.3.1.2 is permitted if the provisions of 12.1.7.1 are followed. The owner or operator has the right to submit of 13.1.7.1 are followed. The owner or operator has the right to submit plans and to be permitted an increase in occupant load if the plans plans and to be permitted an increase in occupant load if the plans comply with the Code. The authority having jurisdiction is permitted comply with the Code. The authority having jurisdiction is permitted to reject the plan for increase in occupant load if the plan is unrealistic, to reject the plan for increase in occupant load if the plan is unrealistic, inaccurate, or otherwise does not properly reflect compliance with inaccurate, or otherwise does not properly reflect compliance with other Code requirements. It is not the intent of the provisions of other Code requirements. It is not the intent of the provisions of 134 Chapter 7 ● Means of Egress 12.1.7.1 to prohibit an increase in occupant load solely on the basis 13.1.7.1 to prohibit an increase in occupant load solely on the basis of exceeding the limits calculated using occupant load factors from of exceeding the limits calculated using occupant load factors from Table 7.3.1.2 TableE 7x.i3st.1in.2g auditorium and arena structures might not be designed Exhibit 7.14 As explained in the commentary following 4.4.2.3, the occu- for the added occupant load beyond the fixed seating. The authority pancy chapters can modify the requirements of Chapters 1 having jurisdiction should consider exit access and aisles before permit- through 4 and Chapters 6 through 10. In some cases, the modifi- ting additional occupant load in areas using seating such as festival cation results in a more stringent requirement. In others, the seating or movable seating on the auditorium or arena floor area. result is a relaxation of a base chapter requirement. Interior finish To assist in preventing serious overcrowding incidents in sports To assist in preventing serious overcrowding incidents in sports is addressed in detail in Section 10.2, with specific limitations in arenas, stadia, and similar occupancies, spectator standing room should arenas, stadia, and similar occupancies, spectator standing room should subsections __.3.3 of the occupancy chapters. For example, for not be permitted between the seating areas and the playing areas, except not be permitted between the seating areas and the playing areas, except new interior wall and ceiling finish materials in health care occu- in horse race and dog track facilities. in horse race and dog track facilities. pancies, the requirements of 18.3.3 result in more stringent crite- Where a capacity or near-capacity audience is anticipated, all seat- Where a capacity or near-capacity audience is anticipated, all seat- ria for wall and ceiling finish within exit enclosures than are inanruegma s bshWehorouh.uledlrd eb mest eaaenstsd itighnnege fdroo lwolomiwth i intsi gcp kceerrtimste isrthitaeo:dw , itnhge tchaep saeccittiyo no,f rtohwe, satnadn dsienagt inanruegma s bshWehorouh.uledlrd eb mest eaaenstsd itighnnege fdroo lwolomiwth i intsi gcp kceerrtimste isrthitaeo:dw , itnhge tchaep saeccittiyo no,f rtohwe, satnadn dsienagt rnCeolaqnsussip rAer id—n kb lnye or7et. d1C. 4lha. esWsa lBht he—r ec amnreeaw teo rciincatulesp.r iaIofn rtc hwye,a etllhn fecinl oriesshuq ruiesi raiennmsdtea anldlte jdaisc ienfno atr smoke compartments of the building are sprinklered, the (1) The capacity should be determined on the basis of 5 ft2 (0.46 m2) (1) The capacity should be determined on the basis of 5 ft2 (0.46 m2) requirement is for Class B — not Class C — materials. In this case, per person. per person. the occupancy chapter, considering the needs of its typical occu- ( ( (234))) TeTTghhhreeee scccsaa apprpeaaacqcicuittiyiytr ye ss hmhsooehuunoldltuds lb. dbe e ab ldeod ceaadsts etiodg tnthoee dt sh eesa trtaiennagdr iconafgp t-ahrceoi otsyme ian-toi dnneglt yea rrmteiaci.nkientgs ( ( (234))) TeTTghhhreeee scccsaa apprpeaaacqcicuittiyiytr ye ss hmhsooehuunoldltuds lb. dbe e ab ldeod ceaadsts etiodg tnthoee dt sh eesa trtaiennagdr iconafgp t-ahrceoi otsyme ian-toi dnneglt yea rrmteiaci.nkientgs RPaoullelsd) carpet stored in an exit enclosure. (Photo courtesy of Jake pah eadnlpetf aegcnrohdui-eipnv e-(ip .telha.,ec pe ien srttseroanntdese gidny c miasp ienamibmlpeul omoyf esleedvl)fe,- lpt aorieflo slierfser v istaast fipeortnoy .fvoisri wonhso tmo according to the area designated for the purpose. according to the area designated for the purpose. Exhibit 7.14 shows rolled carpet on a stair landing within an 7.1.5* Headroom. The number of tickets sold, or otherwise distributed, should not The number of tickets sold, or otherwise distributed, should not exit enclosure. The presence of the carpeting violates the require- A.7.1.5For the purpose of this requirement, projections include devices exceed the aggregate number of seats plus the approved standing room exceed the aggregate number of seats plus the approved standing room ment of 7.1.3.2.3 in two ways: such as lighting equipment, emergency signaling equipment, environ- numbers. numbers. 1. The carpet encroaches on the required egress width. mental controls and equipment, security devices, signs, and decorations 2. If the combustible carpet were to burn, the resultant heat that are typically limited in area. Life Safety Code Handbook 2018 and smoke would prevent the exit enclosure from serving 7.1.5.1 Means of egress shall be designed and maintained to provide its intended use. headroom in accordance with other sections of this Code, and such The prohibitions of 7.1.3.2.3 also apply to exit passageways, htheea dceroiloinmg sshhaallll bpero nvoidt ele hsesa tdhraono 7m f ot f6 n iont. l(e2s2s8 t5h amn m6 )f.t P8r ionj.e (c2ti0o3n0s mfrmom), because they also are exit enclosures. with a tolerance of −3⁄4 in. (−19 mm), above the finished floor, unless 7.1.4 Interior Finish in Exit Enclosures. otherwise specified by any of the following: 7.1.4.1*Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish in Exit Enclosures.Interior (1) In existing buildings, the ceiling height shall be not less than 7 ft wall and ceiling finish shall be in accordance with Section 10.2. In exit (2135 mm) from the floor, with projections from the ceiling not Mandatory Code text is printed enclosures, interior wall and ceiling finish materials complying with less than 6 ft 8 in. (2030 mm) nominal above the floor. Section 10.2 shall be Class A or Class B. (2) Headroom in industrial equipment access areas as provided in in black. A.7.1.4.1See Chapters 12 through 42 for further limitations on interior 40.2.5.3 shall be permitted. wall and ceiling finish. 7.1.5.2 The minimum ceiling height shall be maintained for not less than two-thirds of the ceiling area of any room or space, provided that 7.1.4.2*Interior Floor Finish in Exit Enclosures.New interior floor the ceiling height of the remaining ceiling area is not less than 6 ft 8 in. finish in exit enclosures, including stair treads and risers, shall be not (2030 mm). less than Class II in accordance with Section 10.2 7.1.5.3 Headroom on stairs and stair landings shall be not less than 6 ft Nonmandatory Annex A material Aflo.7o.r1 f.4in.2ishS.ee Chapters 12 through 42 for further limitations on interior 8to i,n a.n (d2 0ta3n0g menmt )w ainthd, sthhael lm boes mt feoarswuraerdd vperortjieccatliloyn a obfo vthee a s ptalairn ter epaadra.llel is printed in black and follows Paragraph 7.1.4.1 regulates interior wall and ceiling finish within The minimum 7 ft 6 in. (2285 mm) ceiling height and the mini- exit enclosures, such as enclosed exit stairs. The intent is to mini- mum 6 ft 8 in. (2030 mm) clearance below any projections the Code text it references. mize the possibility of fire spreading into and within the exit descending from the minimum ceiling height is expressed with enclosure. Except as modified by occupancy Chapters 12 a tolerance of –3⁄4 in. (–19 mm) rather than as an absolute mini- through 42, the interior wall and ceiling finish in exit enclosures mum height. Thus, it is the intent of 7.1.5.1 to recognize the is required to be either Class A or Class B, as detailed in Sec- clearance provided in passing through the door frame opening tion 10.2. Per the provisions of 10.2.8.1, Class C interior wall and associated with a standard 6 ft 8 in. (2030 mm) door leaf where ceiling finish would be permitted within an exit enclosure if the door stop built into the door frame at the top of the door automatic sprinklers protected the enclosure and adjacent areas opening encroaches on the height of the opening. Paragraph of the building. 7.1.5.3 and the dimensional criteria of 7.2.2.2.1 also permit the 2018 Life Safety Code Handbook The Guide continues on the inside back cover. 344 Chapter 8 ● Features of Fire Protection Before converting the smoke production rate to a volumet- where: ric flow rate, it is necessary to determine the temperature rise V = volumetric flow rate (ft3/min) above ambient of the smoke at time of venting in order to estab- m = smoke production rate, 574 lb/s as previously lish the density of the smoke during the vented stage. As calculated emexqupumlaal i ntteoemd z peberyor a.t thUuesr eela rstihts een owvteeilnl itonec dTc ausbtrla eigf Deth .1tee. 3mt ooptfae Nlr ahFtePuAaret 9 lro2is,s est h ffeao crmtmoarux liias- ρ = dcaelncusiltayt eodf heated smoke, 0.0717 lb/ft3 as previously Calculations interspersed with- from Table D.1.3, simplified by setting the total heat loss factor Substituting gives iCno tdhee rceoqmuimreemnetanrtys sahreo wap hpoliwed . equal to zero, to determin∆e T∆=T as6( ρ0foc QVllo)cws: V== 4680[00,3.50377541 f7t3]/min which, as shown in equation 5.5.5 of NFPA 92, can be reduced to The preceding calculations assume that the smoke plume ∆T=mQcc hreaasc hniontg w thidee dneesdig tno incotenrtfaaccte thheei gwhat lolsf o86f tfht ea baotvrieu mth ep aritoriru tmo floor in this example. As a plume rises, it also widens. If the where: plume were to contact all of the walls of the atrium prior to ∆T = temperature rise above ambient of smoke at time of reaching the ceiling, the smoke interface would be considered venting (°F) as occurring at the height of contact with all of the surrounding Qmc == 537540 0lb B/tsu, a/ss, daesv deelovpeleodp iend p irne vpiroeuvsio cuaslc cualalctuiolantsions wocaclulsr. aNboo vaed dthitaiot nhael igshmto, kbee cgaeunsee raadtidoint iocnaanl abier eansstruaminemde ntot Cboomthm deranwtainryg se xahnidb iptsh, ointoclgurdaipnhgs , c = s0m.2o4 kBet ue/qlbu-a°lFs, aspirecific heat of smoke, assuming iownfat ocllo st nhotefa tcphtle.u T maot erci uhisme cc,ok e niqfs uitdaheteiro ewndi d5to.e5 n.b4ine.1 gn o epfg lNulimFgPiebA l he9a 2as b ccaoonvne bt atehc utees pde odti hntoet Substituting gives predict the total plume diameter, at the interface height, as are set within blue lines to distin- ∆T=5743(000.24) follows: d= 0.5z guish them from Code figures. = 25°F d = 0.5(86) Assuming ambient temperature of 68°F, the temperature of = 43 ft smoke is Ts= 25 + 68 = 93°F. where: Using equation 5.8a of NFPA 92, the density of smoke at d = plume diameter (ft) 93°F can be calculated as follows: z = interface height (ft) ρ=R(1T4+4P 4at6m0) contaTchtu tsh, ein w thalilss 1 p0r0io frt t×o r2e0a0c hfti nagtr tiuhme d aeresiag, nth inet semrfaockee hdeoiegsh nt ootf where: 86 ft. Mechanical systems capable of extracting smoke at the ρ = density of heated smoke (lb/ft3) rate of approximately 480,000 ft3/min are then designed. The 310 Chapter 8 ● Features of Fire Protection Patm = uatsme ostsapnhdearricd partemsosuspreh (elbri/ci np.r2e) s(fsourr eth: i1s4 e.7x albm/ipnl.e2), sjuurbissdAtaiccncttieoiapntti aofonnrc eapp atpecrksotaivgnaegl. iosf stuhbem siytstteedm t oth tehne inavuothlvoersit yv ehriafvyiinngg R = gas constant (53.34) the function of the system components in the intended sequence Exhibit 8.1 bIByC t hase TBy/pNeB ICIA a.s Type 2B, by the SBC as Type IV 1 hour, and by the SubsTtitu=tin gte gmivpeesrature of smoke (°F) feovra vluaaryteindg b iyn imtiaetaiosunr sincegn tahreio fso.l Ilno wadindgit:ion, the system should be V(000) tchoensseWid bherue niuld suiinnsiggn gCc oothdmeem sL,i eftenh tSeaa rfayeu tTytah Cboolredi te8y . i1nh atcovo innesgjut anjbuclrtiiissohdn ic cwotiriotrhne s opmnoiegn hdot-f ρ=[53.[3144(49(31 4+.7 4)]60)] 123... TAAoiirrtffallool vwwo vdlueirmleocecttiitroiiecn sflow rate ing construction classifications via the provision for equivalency = 0.0717 lb/ft3 4. Door-opening forces (forces permitted by the Code must 2fir-eh rbarrier in Section 1.4. The smoke production rate can be converted to a volumet- not be exceeded when the smoke management system is 8.2.2 General. ric flow rate using equation 5.7a of NFPA 92 as follows: 5. oPrpeesrsautrine gd)ifferences III(200) II(111) 8sh.2a.l2l .b1e dWivhiedreed rienqtou icroemd bpyar otmtheenrt sc htoa plitmerist othfe t hspisr eCaodd oef, feirvee rayn db ureilsdtriincgt V= 60 mρ 67.. AWminbdi esnpte iendd aonodr adnirde cotuiotdnoor temperatures the movement of smoke. (a) 8.2.2.2Fire compartments shall be formed with fire barriers that comply 2018 Life Safety Code Handbook with Section 8.3 V(000) 8.2.2.3 Smoke compartments shall be formed with smoke barriers that comply with Section 8.5 Npaorntirtaiotends ∆8b.e2 .s2m.4o kWe hleearkea dgoeo–rr aatsesde minb laicecso arrdea rnecqeu wireitdh e8ls.2e.w2.h4e,r ed oino rt haisss Cemodbeli etos shall comply with all of the following: III(200) II(111) (1) They shall be tested in accordance with ANSI/UL 1784, Standard for Air Leakage Tests for Door Assemblies. (2) The maximum air leakage rate of the door assembly shall be 3.0 ft3/ (b) min/ft2 (0.9 m3/min/m2) of door opening at 0.10 in. water column Building composed of sections with varying construction types. (25 N/m2) for both the ambient and elevated temperature tests. (3) Door assemblies shall be installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA 105. Commentary Table 8.1 matches the various NFPA 220 and NFPA 5000construction types with their approximate equivalent Minimum criteria for air leakage rates of door assemblies are construction types, as contained in the following model building specified by 8.2.2.4 to provide a smoketight assembly. However, codes that either have been previously used or are currently in the criteria in 8.2.2.4 are mandatory only when referenced by use throughout the United States: another section of the Code — such as in Chapters 12 through 42. New fire doors serving areas of refuge are required to meet 1. Uniform Building Code (UBC)12 the 8.2.2.4 air-leakage rate criteria (see 7.2.12.3.4.1). 2. BOCA National Building Code (B/NBC)13 3. Standard Building Code (SBC)14 N 8.2.2.5*Wall Marking and Identification.For other than existing 4. International Building Code (IBC)15 assemblies, where there is an accessible concealed floor, floor/ceiling, or attic space, fire barriers, smoke barriers, and smoke partitions shall For example, a building that is classified by NFPA 220 and be permanently identified with signs or stenciling in the concealed space NFPA 5000 as Type II(111) is classified by the UBC as Type II 1 hour, and shall comply with all of the following: Commentary Table 8.1Cross-Reference of Building Construction Types NFPA 220/NFPA 5000 I(442) I(332) II(222) II(111) II(000) III(211) III(200) IV(2HH) V(111) V(000) Commentary tables are set in blue UBC — I FR II FR II 1 hr II N III 1 hr III N IV HT V 1 hr V N B/NBC 1A 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 4 5A 5B type to distinguish them from the SBC I II — IV 1 hr IV UNP V 1 hr V UNP III VI 1 hr VI UNP Code tables. IBC — IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IV HT VA VB UBC — Uniform Building Code. UNP —Unprotected. B/NBC — National Building Code. IBC — International Building Code. SBC —Standard Building Code. 2018 Life Safety Code Handbook A Guide to Using the Life Safety Code® Handbook This fourteenth edition of the Life Safety Code® Handbook contains the complete manda- tory text of the 2018 edition of NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, and the nonmandatory annex material. Commentary is provided in this handbook to explain the reasoning behind the Code’s requirements. 182 Chapter 7 ● Means of Egress Paragraph 7.2.2.2.1.2(C) provides guidance on determining tive occupant load assigned to each of the two stairs is calcu- the total cumulative occupant load. Paragraph 7.2.2.2.1.2(D) pro- lated as follows: Examples help illustrate how vuthipdapete sp rto hsrtatoito rtinhe eso fww tihhdeetrh se ti nathicrrese iatsos letea silss cntuhomat nrue tlqahtueivi r2ee0 do0 tc0oc-p ubepera sanoptn pl oltiheardde stuohs otinhldge. 13 fploeor rfslo ×or 1 p5e0r pstearisrons = 1950 persons per stair the Code is applied in real- The examples that follow illustrate these provisions. Thus, the 2000-person threshold of Table 7.2.2.2.1.2(B) is not world situations. reached. No part of either stair is required to be increased to a Example 1: Determining Stair Width, 14-Story Building minimum width of 56 in. (1420 mm). The stairs must be at least 44 in. (1120 mm) wide [per Table 7.2.2.2.1.2(B)], and wider if Exhibit 7.69 depicts a 14-story building with a 300-person occu- needed from a capacity consideration. In this case, the stairs pant load per floor. Floors 2 through 14 use the two exit stairs for must be 45 in. (1140 mm) wide, based on the following capacity egress. The occupants of the first floor use door assemblies calculation, which does not accumulate the occupant load from directly to the outside (not shown) for egress. The means of floor to floor in accordance with 7.3.1.4: egress system is designed for half of the occupant load of floors 2 through 14 to use the stair at the left of the exhibit, and for the 150 persons × 0.3 in. per person = 45 in. other half to use the stair at the right of the exhibit. The sum of (150 persons × 7.6 mm per person = 1140 mm) the 150 persons from each of floors 2 through 14 is considered the total cumulative occupant load assigned to each of the two Example 2: Determining Stair Width, 28-Story Building stairs for purposes of applying 7.2.2.2.1.2(B). The total cumula- Exhibit 7.70 depicts a 28-story building (i.e., the 14-story build- ing from Exhibit 7.69 with 14 more stories added). See Example 1 for a description of the means of egress and occupant load for Exhibit 7.69 each floor. The sum of the 150 persons per stair from each of floors 2 through 28 is considered the total cumulative occupant load assigned to each of the two stairs for purposes of applying 150 14 150 7.2.2.2.1.2(B). The total cumulative occupant load assigned to each of the two stairs is calculated as follows: 1123 27 fploeor rfslo ×or 1 p5e0r pstearisrons = 4050 persons per stair Thus, the 2000-person threshold of Table 7.2.2.2.1.2(B) is NFPA 101 Summary of 11 exceeded. Some part of each of the two stairs is required to be increased to a minimum width of 56 in. (1420 mm). 10 Paragraph 7.2.2.2.1.2(D) exempts, from the increased mini- Technical Changes: 2015 to 2018 mum width, the upper portion of each of the two stairs for which 9 the total cumulative occupant load assigned is fewer than 2000 persons. In this case, the transition point between the 45 in. 8 (1140 mm) width required of the stair from a capacity consider- ation and the 56 in. (1420 mm) minimum width that facilitates 7 counterflow occurs at the fifteenth story, calculated as follows: 6 150 2p0e0rs0o pnesr psoenr sfloor = 13.3 floors aTLbihfoiesu Stta atbhfleeet ypr erCaosovoiddnees®s .f aoPnru oervealecyrhv eicedhwiato norgfi eam,l avajinosdrit c fwoodrwmew ca.htntaifnnpggae .cosh rfgaro/n1mg0e 1tsh. eaT r2he0e n1 fo5irt t soitn trchelevu i2ds0eio1dn8. Fe(FdoiRrt im)o, nof irorefs tNi ncFfooPrrArme l1aa0ttii1no®gn, 5 28 stories − 13 upper stories = fifteenth story revision (FCR), second revision (SR), and second correlating revision (SCR) numbers are given in 4 mumT h56e isnt.a (i1rs4 2b0e lmowm )t hweid fitfhte reenqtuhir estdo bryy mTaubslet p7.r2o.v2i.d2e.1 .t2h(eB )m. Tihniis- tchoem tmhiirtdte ceos’l uamctnio onfs .this table for reference to the official documentation of the fourteen technical 3 iEsx shhiboiwt 7n. 7in0 .the shaded, lower portion of the stair enclosures in 2 Example 3: Determining Stair Width, Three-Story Mall FR/FCR/SR/SCR 1 Structure Section Number Comments Reference Exhibit 7.71 depicts the third story of a new three-story mall Chapter 1 Administration structure that utilizes horizontal exits for half of the required 1.1.5 Hazardous materials Scope expanded to include hazardous materials emergencies FR 3007 Building where total cumulative occupant load does not require a egress capacity, as permitted by 7.2.4.1.2 and 36.2.2.5. The occu- emergencies 56 in. (1420 mm) minimum stair width. pant load of the third story is 6000 persons, of which the 20 exit 1.1.6 Injuries from falls Scope expanded to include injuries from falls FR 3022 1.1.7 Emergency communications Scope expanded to include emergency communications FR 3034 2018 Life Safety Code Handbook 1.1.9(4) Areas not addressed “Areas not addressed” item added to make clear that, with FR 3008 withdrawal of NFPA 1126, the retail sale and associated storage of consumer fireworks are not addressed anywhere in the Code Chapter 2 Referenced Publications 2.2 NFPA Publications NFPA publications added to Chapter 2 because documents are FR 3009 NFPA 4 newly referenced mandatorily somewhere in Chapters 3 through 43 NFPA 20 NFPA 55 NFPA 150 NFPA 495 NFPA 1221 NFPA 1126 NFPA 1126 deleted from Chapter 2 because it has been withdrawn FR 3009 and, therefore, is no longer referenced mandatorily 2.3.2 ANSI Publications BHMA publications added to Chapter 2 because documents are FR 3011 A table of Technical Changes ANSI/BHMA A.156.10 newly referenced in Chapter 7 identifies changes between the ANSI/BHMA A.156.19 ANSI/BHMA A156.27 2015 and 2018 Code editions. ANSI/BHMA A156.38 2.3.6 ASTM Publications ASTM publications added to Chapter 2 because documents are FR 3019 ASTM D3201 newly referenced mandatorily somewhere in Chapters 3 through 43 SR 3012 ASTM D5516 ASTM D5664 NFPA 101®-2018 LIFE SAFETY CODE® Correlation Between Paragraph Numbering of Occupancy Chapters and Core Chapters Occupancy Chapters Subject / Title Core Chapters __.1 General __.1.1 Application __.1.2 Classification of Occupancy 6.1 __.1.3 Multiple Occupancies 6.1.14 __.1.4 Special Definitions Chapter 3 __.1.5 Classification of Hazard of Contents 6.2 __.1.6 Minimum Construction Requirements 8.2 __.1.7 Occupant Load 7.3.1 __.2 Means Of Egress __.2.1 General __.2.2 Components 7.2 __.2.3 Capacity 7.3 __.2.4 Number 7.4 __.2.5 Arrangement 7.5 __.2.6 Travel Distance 7.6 __.2.7 Discharge from Exits 7.7 __.2.8 Illumination 7.8 __.2.9 Emergency Lighting 7.9 __.2.10 Marking 7.10 __.2.11 Special Means of Egress Features __.3 Protection __.3.1 Vertical Openings 8.6 __.3.2 Hazards 8.7 __.3.3 Interior Finish 10.2 __.3.4 Detection/Alarm Systems 9.6 __.3.5 Extinguishment 9.7 __.3.6 Corridors 7.1.3.1 __.3.7 Smoke Barriers 8.5 __.3.8 Special Protection Features __.4 Special Provisions Chapter 11 __.5 Building Services 9.1-9.5 __.6 Special Occupancy Provisions __.7 Operating Features iPir oduct Man ●agement: Debra Rose Cover Design: Twist Creative Group Development and Production: Irene Herlihy Interior Design: Cheryl Langway Copyediting: Nancy Wirtes Composition: Shepherd, Inc. 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Contents Preface vii 5.5 Design Fire Scenarios 88 5.6 Evaluation of Proposed Designs 94 About the Editors viii 5.7 Safety Factors 98 NFPA 101 Summary of Technical Changes: 2015 to 5.8 Documentation Requirements 99 2018 T1 6 Classification of Occupancy and Hazard 1 Administration 1 of Contents 101 1.1 Scope 1 6.1 Classification of Occupancy 101 1.2 Purpose 5 6.2 Hazard of Contents 119 1.3 Application 6 1.4 Equivalency 7 7 Means of Egress 121 1.5 Units and Formulas 9 7.1 General 122 1.6 Enforcement 9 7.2 Means of Egress Components 140 7.3 Capacity of Means of Egress 244 2 Referenced Publications 11 7.4 Number of Means of Egress 257 2.1 General 11 7.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress 260 2.2 NFPA Publications 12 7.6 Measurement of Travel Distance 2.3 Other Publications 13 to Exits 272 2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory 7.7 Discharge from Exits 277 Sections 15 7.8 Illumination of Means of Egress 280 7.9 Emergency Lighting 282 3 Definitions 17 7.10 Marking of Means of Egress 285 7.11 Special Provisions for Occupancies with 3.1 General 17 High Hazard Contents 294 3.2 NFPA Official Definitions 17 7.12 Special Provisions for Hazardous 3.3 General Definitions 18 Materials 295 7.13 Mechanical Equipment Rooms, Boiler 4 General 51 Rooms, and Furnace Rooms 295 7.14 Normally Unoccupied Building Service 4.1 Goals 51 Equipment Support Areas 296 4.2 Objectives 52 7.15 Occupant Evacuation Elevators 297 4.3 Assumptions 53 4.4 Life Safety Compliance Options 54 8 Features of Fire Protection 307 4.5 Fundamental Requirements 55 4.6 General Requirements 56 8.1 General 307 4.7 Fire Drills 66 8.2 Construction and 4.8 Emergency Action Plan 67 Compartmentation 307 8.3 Fire Barriers 314 5 Performance-Based Option 71 8.4 Smoke Partitions 327 8.5 Smoke Barriers 328 5.1 General Requirements 72 8.6 Vertical Openings 332 5.2 Performance Criteria 75 8.7 Special Hazard Protection 353 5.3 Retained Prescriptive 8.8 Inspection and Testing of Door Requirements 77 Assemblies 356 5.4 Design Specifications and Other Conditions 77 iii iv Contents 9 Building Service and Fire Protection 12.3/13.3 Protection 499 12.4/13.4 Special Provisions 511 Equipment 359 12.5/13.5 Building Services 543 9.1 Utilities 359 12.6/13.6 Reserved 543 9.2 Heating, Ventilating, and 12.7/13.7 Operating Features 543 Air-Conditioning 360 9.3 Smoke Control 361 14/15 New and Existing Educational 9.4 Elevators, Escalators, and Occupancies 561 Conveyors 362 9.5 Waste Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry 14.1/15.1 General Requirements 561 Chutes 366 14.2/15.2 Means of Egress Requirements 566 9.6 Fire Detection, Alarm, 14.3/15.3 Protection 582 and Communications Systems 367 14.4/15.4 Special Provisions 595 9.7 Automatic Sprinklers 383 14.5/15.5 Building Services 597 9.8 Other Automatic Extinguishing 14.6/15.6 Reserved 598 Equipment 385 14.7/15.7 Operating Features 598 9.9 Portable Fire Extinguishers 386 9.10 Standpipe Systems 386 16/17 New and Existing Day-Care 9.11 Fire Protection System Operating Occupancies 603 Features 386 16.1/17.1 General Requirements 603 9.12 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection 16.2/17.2 Means of Egress Requirements 614 and Warning Equipment 388 16.3/17.3 Protection 625 9.13 Special Inspections and Tests 389 16.4/17.4 Special Provisions 631 9.14 Risk Analysis for Mass Notification 16.5/17.5 Building Services 633 Systems 389 16.6/17.6 Day-Care Homes 634 10 Interior Finish, Contents, 16.7/17.7 Operating Features 640 and Furnishings 393 18/19 New and Existing Health Care 10.1 General 393 Occupancies 647 10.2 Interior Finish 395 18.1/19.1 General Requirements 648 10.3 Contents and Furnishings 410 18.2/19.2 Means of Egress Requirements 666 11 Special Structures and High-Rise 18.3/19.3 Protection 711 18.4/19.4 Special Provisions 756 Buildings 417 18.5/19.5 Building Services 763 11.1 General Requirements 418 18.6/19.6 Reserved 767 11.2 Open Structures 418 18.7/19.7 Operating Features 767 11.3 Towers 419 11.4 Water-Surrounded Structures 424 20/21 New and Existing Ambulatory Health 11.5 Piers 424 Care Occupancies 779 11.6 Vehicles and Vessels 425 20.1/21.1 General Requirements 780 11.7 Underground Structures and Limited 20.2/21.2 Means of Egress Requirements 789 Access Structures 425 20.3/21.3 Protection 799 11.8 High-Rise Buildings 428 20.4/21.4 Special Provisions 808 11.9 Permanent Membrane Structures 432 20.5/21.5 Building Services 811 11.10 Temporary Membrane Structures 433 20.6/21.6 Reserved 813 11.11 Tents 435 20.7/21.7 Operating Features 813 11.12 Animal Housing Facilities 436 12/13 New and Existing Assembly 22/23 New and Existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies 821 Occupancies 437 22.1/23.1 General Requirements 821 12.1/13.1 General Requirements 440 22.2/23.2 Means of Egress Requirements 834 12.2/13.2 Means of Egress Requirements 454 2018 Life Safety Code Handbook Contents v 22.3/23.3 Protection 846 32.3/33.3 Large Facilities 1005 22.4/23.4 Special Provisions 864 32.4/33.4 Suitability of an Apartment Building 22.5/23.5 Building Services 874 to House a Board 22.6/23.6 Reserved 875 and Care Occupancy 1030 22.7/23.7 Operating Features 875 32.5/33.5 Reserved 1033 32.6/33.6 Reserved 1033 24 One- and Two-Family Dwellings 879 32.7/33.7 Operating Features 1033 24.1 General Requirements 879 34 Reserved 1037 24.2 Means of Escape Requirements 881 24.3 Protection 889 35 Reserved 1037 24.4 Reserved 892 24.5 Building Services 892 36/37 New and Existing Mercantile 25 Reserved 895 Occupancies 1039 36.1/37.1 General Requirements 1040 26 Lodging or Rooming Houses 897 36.2/37.2 Means of Egress Requirements 1050 26.1 General Requirements 897 36.3/37.3 Protection 1063 26.2 Means of Escape Requirements 899 36.4/37.4 Special Provisions 1067 26.3 Protection 902 36.5/37.5 Building Services 1083 26.4 Reserved 905 36.6/37.6 Reserved 1083 26.5 Building Services 905 36.7/37.7 Operating Features 1083 26.6 Reserved 905 26.7 Operating Features 905 38/39 New and Existing Business 27 Reserved 907 Occupancies 1085 38.1/39.1 General Requirements 1085 28/29 New and Existing Hotels 38.2/39.2 Means of Egress and Dormitories 909 Requirements 1091 38.3/39.3 Protection 1106 28.1/29.1 General Requirements 909 38.4/39.4 Special Provisions 1111 28.2/29.2 Means of Egress Requirements 912 38.5/39.5 Building Services 1112 28.3/29.3 Protection 922 38.6/39.6 Reserved 1113 28.4/29.4 Special Provisions 933 38.7/39.7 Operating Features 1113 28.5/29.5 Building Services 934 28.6/29.6 Reserved 935 40 Industrial Occupancies 1115 28.7/29.7 Operating Features 935 40.1 General Requirements 1117 30/31 New and Existing Apartment 40.2 Means of Egress Requirements 1120 Buildings 939 40.3 Protection 1128 40.4 Special Provisions 1130 30.1/31.1 General Requirements 939 40.5 Building Services 1130 30.2/31.2 Means of Egress Requirements 943 40.6 Special Provisions for Aircraft Servicing 30.3/31.3 Protection 955 Hangars 1131 30.4/31.4 Special Provisions 969 40.7 Operating Features 1131 30.5/31.5 Building Services 969 30.6/31.6 Reserved 970 41 Reserved 1133 30.7/31.7 Operating Features 970 32/33 New and Existing Residential Board 42 Storage Occupancies 1135 and Care Occupancies 973 42.1 General Requirements 1135 42.2 Means of Egress Requirements 1136 32.1/33.1 General Requirements 974 42.3 Protection 1142 32.2/33.2 Small Facilities 979 Life Safety Code Handbook 2018