NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS edited by Sirin Tekinay New Jersey Institute of Technology KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 0-306-47310-0 Print ISBN: 0-792-37240-9 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents Introduction 1 1. Infostations: New Perspectives on Wireless Data Networks 3 Ana Lucia Iacono and Christopher Rose 2. Wireless Broadband Multimedia and IP Applications via Mobile ATM Satellites 65 AbbasJamalipour 3. Infocity: Providing QoS to Mobile Hosts 109 Patricia Morreale 4. Assisted GPS for Wireless Phone Location- Technology and Standards 129 Bob Richton, Giovanni Vanucci, and Stephen Wilkus 5. Evaluation of Location Determination Technologies Towards Satisfying the FCC E-911 Ruling 157 M. Oguz Sunay 6. A Series of GSM Positioning Trials 195 Malcolm Macnaughten, Craig Scott, and Chris Drane 7. Enhancing Terminal Coverage and Fault Recovery in Configurable Cellular Networks Using Geolocation Services 231 Mostafa A. Bassiouni and Wei Cui vi 8. UMTS Applications Development- Designing A “Killer Application” 255 Gunther Popischil, Ernst Bonek, and Alexander Schneider Index 264 Introduction This book is a collection ofextended versions of the papers presented at the Symposium on Next Generation Wireless Networks, May 26, 2000, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ. Each chapter includes, in addition to technical contributions, a tutorial of the corresponding area. It has been a privilege to bring together these contributions from researchers on the leading edge of the field. The papers were submitted in response to a call for papers aiming to concentrate on the applications and services for the “next generation,” deliberately omitting the numeric reference so that the authors’ vision of the future would not be limited by the definitive requirements of a particular set of standards. The book, as a result, reflects the top-down approach by focusing on enabling technologies for the applications and services that are the defining essentials for future wireless networks. This approach strikes a balance between the academia and the industry by addressing new wireless network architectures enabling mobility and location enhanced applications and services that will give wireless systems the competitive edge overothers. The main theme of the book is the advent of wireless networks as an irreplaceable means of global communication as opposed to a mere substitute for, or a competitor of, wireline networks. Geolocation emerges as the facilitator of mobility and location sensitive services. The fields of geolocation and wireless communications have been forced to merge, following the Federal Commission of Communications’ (FCC) ruling that obliges wireless providers with emergency caller geolocation. This initial driving force has quickly been augmented by the already existing and increasing popularity of positioning and navigation systems using the Global Positioning System (GPS), in addition to the wireless providers’ zeal to add value to the geolocation capability. The result is the currently experienced evolution of wireless networks where mobile location is a natural aid to network management, to a variety of applications and value added services. At this time, the path of the evolution is not clearly focused, neither is the winning set of applications obvious. What we do know is that next generation wireless networks will continue to change the way we live. The first part of the book contains tutorials on three network architectures that aim to achieve this vision. The first chapter, by Ana Lúcia lacono and Christopher Rose of WINLAB, Rutgers University, presents the concept of “Infostations,” that arise from the tradeoff between the size of the radio coverage area of a single transceiver and the feasible information rate. Infostations favor the latter, making use of mobility of users in redeeming the selective patchy coverage pattern. The “anytime, anywhere” motto of PCS is replaced by “manytime, manywhere” access in Infostations. The second chapter by Abbas Jamalipour of the University of Sydney describes the role 2 NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS of satellites in broadband wireless access. In the third chapter, Patricia Morreale of Stevens Institute of Technology describes the “Infocity” concept, which is based on the integration of wireless and wireline networks in o rder to provid e the envisaged high- speed ubiquitous access to information and communication. The second part of the book includes contributions that describe the state of the art wireless geolocation systems and trends. The first chapter is co- authored by scientists from Bell Labs ofLucent Technologies. Bob Richton, Giovanni Vanucci, and Steven Wilkus depict the widely accepted standard solution to the wireless geolocation problem; i.e., “assisted GPS.” This concept links wireless networks with GPS in orderto reach the accuracy and availability requirements for the user geolocation information. The wireless network assumes a supporting role in geolocation, in order to aid the end user equipment through its prescribed communication with GPS. The second contribution, also authored by a Bell Labs scientist, Oguz Sunay, provides a tutorial on all alternatives for wireless geolocation and details the evaluation procedures that are currently under research by standards bodies and relevant work groups. In the third contribution, Malcolm Macnaughton, Craig Scott and Chris Drane, researchers from the University of Technology, Sydney, present the chronicle of research efforts and empirical data collection on the geolocation capability of the existing wireless infrastructure, during which they truly bring theory and practice together in efforts to sharpen the geolocation capability of the wireless system. The third part presents contributions that demonstrate the use of location information in next generation wireless network applications and services. The first contribution, by Mostafa Bassiouni and Wei Cui of the University Central Florida focuses on the use of real time geolocation measurements in improving mobile connectivity and enhancing the effectiveness of fault recovery in configurable cellular networks. The last contribution, by Guenther Popischil, Alexander Schneider, and Ernst Bonek of Technischen Universität Wien, portrays the creation of the “killer application,” for next generation wireless networks. I am proud to have put together this volume comprising of chapters by contributors who are among the elite that are making the future happen. I thank Dr. Oguz Sunay for his invaluable, tireless efforts in ensuring the technical flow and cohesiveness of the book. I would also like to thank Alex Greene, the Publisher of this book from Kluwer Academic Publishers, for his patient, capable help. Finally, I’d like to express my gratitude to my brilliant research associate Mr. Amer Chatovich, whose careful, meticulous pursuance has made this project possible. Sirin Tekinay Chapter 1 INFOSTATIONS: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS Ana Lúcia Iacono Christopher Rose WINLAB - Wireless Information Network Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Abstract We discuss file delivery issues for a new approach to inexpensive, high rate wireless data called Infostations. As opposed to ubiquitous cover- age, infostations offer geographically intermittent coverage at high speed (1Mbps to 1Gbps) since data, as compared to voice, can often toler- ate significant delay. The infostations paradigm flips the usual “slow- radio/fast-network” scenario upside down and offers intriguing new de- sign problems for wireless data networks. Collectively, we at WINLAB believe that the infostations scenario, especially with the emergence of the World Wide Web as both a communications medium and defacto standard is one way to obtain low cost wireless data. And perhaps con- troversially, we offer arguments that currently proposed extensions to cellular systems (such as the coming Third Generation) will not be able to offer data as inexpensively. In this chapter we describe the infosta- tions concept and then concentrate on issues above the physical layer. Specifically, we worry about delay bounds on information delivery for variety of simple user mobility scenarios and infostation geometries. We then provide heuristic algorithms which closely approach these bounds. Keywords: wireless communications, mobile computing, wireless data, wireless in- ternet, scheduling algorithms, delay bounds, mobility management 4 NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS 1. INTRODUCTION Over the past 10 years, wireless voice communication has grown from a rarity to a necessity. In contrast, wireless data services at rates and price sufficient to generate equal excitement remain elusive. In response, the wireless industry has proposed third generation systems with rates in the hundreds of kilobit per second range. However, the dominant traffic on such systems will probably be voice at least initially, and here lies a “Catch-22” first observed by Roy Yates here at WINLAB [1]. Consider that the bit rate currently associated with voice communica- tions is on the order of 10 kbps and let us use this voice channel rate as our unit of measure. This channel costs v cents per minute. It therefore costs approximately 13υ cents to transmit a one megabyte file – pro- hibitively expensive at current rates. In addition, what is particularly interesting is that this basic fact does not change with the introduction of higher rate services as long as voice is the dominant traffic. One megabyte of data always costs 13υ cents since the basic voice channel rate is unlikely to change drastically for both economic and legacy rea- sons. Thus, unless normal voice communications becomes essentially free, it seems that wireless data will never be inexpensive when provided using a cellular architecture. This conundrum causes us to re-examine the cellular paradigm. Specif- ically, cellular wireless was built to carry voice traffic for people accus- tomed to the reliability and ubiquity of fixed telephone service. Thus, the goal of the cellular industry was coverage anytime and anywhere. However, to provide large coverage the system must be designed so that users both near and far from the access point (a base station) achieve some minimum quality of service. From a systems perspective however, it would be more efficient to serve users closer to the base station at higher rate, be done with them and then serve users farther away. How- ever, for voice systems the implication is intermittent coverage which is incompatible with continuous interactive traffic such as voice. In contrast, data can tolerate delay and the system throughput could be increased by offering rates commensurate with achievable signal to interference ratios. Add to this that customers are often in motion the basic (somewhat surprising) infostations design precept emerges for sin- gle non-dispersive, non-directional channels: Infostations should not be shared between users That is, at any point in time, only one user should be attached to an infostation. This basic idea has roots in information theory and water- filling of channels in space, time and frequency (see [2] for a development on multiple user dispersive channels). If we consider different frequency