New York and Amsterdam This page intentionally left blank New York and Amsterdam Immigration and the New Urban Landscape Edited by Nancy Foner, Jan Rath, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Rogier van Reekum a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London www.nyupress.org © 2014 by New York University All rights reserved References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data New York and Amsterdam : immigration and the new urban landscape / edited by Nancy Foner, Jan Rath, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Rogier van Reekum. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8147-3809-2 (cl : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8147-3844-3 (pb : alk. paper) 1. Immigrants—New York (State)—New York. 2. Immigrants—Netherlands— Amsterdam. 3. New York (N.Y.) — Emigration and immigration. 4. Amsterdam (Netherlands) — Emigration and immigration. 5. Cultural pluralism — New York (State) — N ew York. 6. Cultural pluralism — N etherlands — Amsterdam. I. Foner, Nancy, 1945– editor of compilation. JV7048.N49 2014 305.9'0691209492352 — dc23 2013028294 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Also available as an ebook Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: New York and Amsterdam: Immigration 1 and the New Urban Landscape Jan Rath, Nancy Foner, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Rogier van Reekum Part I: How Has the Immigrant Past Shaped 23 the Immigrant Present in New York City and Amsterdam? 1. Immigration History and the Remaking of New York 29 Nancy Foner 2. To Amsterdam: Migrations Past and Present 52 Leo Lucassen Part II: What Difference Does the Urban Economy 83 Make to Immigrant Incorporation? 3. Immigrants in New York City’s Economy: A Portrait 89 in Full Living Color David Dyssegaard Kallick 4. From Amsterdamned to I Amsterdam: The Amsterdam 107 Economy and Its Impact on the Labor Market Position of Migrants, 1980–2010 Robert C. Kloosterman >> v vi << Contents Part III: Is Islam in Amsterdam Like Race in 133 New York City? 5. Nativism, Racism, and Immigration in New York City 143 Mary C. Waters 6. Governing through Religion in Amsterdam: 170 The Stigmatization of Ethnic Cultures and the Uses of Islam Justus Uitermark, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Jan Rath Part IV: How Are Immigrants Entering the 195 Precincts of Power in New York City and Amsterdam? 7. The Rise of Immigrant Influence in New York City Politics 203 John Mollenkopf 8. Immigrant Political Engagement and Incorporation 230 in Amsterdam Floris Vermeulen, Laure Michon, and Jean Tillie Part V: How Are the Children of Immigrants 257 Shaped by and also Changing New York City’s and Amsterdam’s Cultural Life? 9. Immigrants, the Arts, and the “Second-Generation 263 Advantage” in New York Philip Kasinitz 10. Immigrant Youths’ Contribution to Urban Culture 287 in Amsterdam Christine Delhaye, Sawitri Saharso, and Victor van de Ven About the Contributors 311 Index 317 Acknowledgments This book has its origins in a conference held at the University of Amsterdam in January 2011. Entitled “Amsterdam and New York: The Impact of Immigration in Two Global Cities,” the conference brought together a distinguished group of scholars to explore—and compare— how immigration has dramatically changed Amsterdam and New York in recent decades and, at the same time, affected the lives of the hun- dreds of thousands of immigrants, and their second-generation chil- dren, who live there. The conference evolved out of the activities of the Center for Urban Studies at the University of Amsterdam, as well as earlier collaborations among many of the Dutch and American con- tributors to this volume. Through these collaborations as well as con- versations at various workshops and meetings on both sides of the Atlantic, we became more aware of the effects of—and scholarly work on—immigration in each other’s cities. It became clear that there was a need for a more systematic examination and comparison of the conse- quences of immigration in Amsterdam and New York, which is what led to the organization of the conference—and ultimately this book. We would like to express our gratitude to the Center for Urban Stud- ies at the University of Amsterdam for its support in making the con- ference possible. We are also grateful to the Institute for Ethnic and Migration Studies (IMES), also at the University of Amsterdam, for its additional support, and owe a special thanks to Aukje IJpma, who at the time of the conference was a research assistant at the institute. At the conference itself, a number of people served as discussants, and we are grateful for their excellent commentaries. These include many of the authors in this volume as well as Daniel Hiebert, Yvonne Leeman, Bowen Paulle, and Sharon Zukin. In New York, we thank the CUNY Graduate Center for providing a meeting place for the editors in the >> vii viii << Acknowledgments process of preparing the book, as well as serving as an intellectual home that has nurtured the work of several of the New York authors. We have had the great good fortune to work with a wonderful editor at New York University Press, Ilene Kalish, who has been a source of support, wisdom, and advice at every stage of the publication process. We are also grateful to assistant editors Aidan Amos and Caelyn Cobb as well as managing editor Dorothea Stillman Halliday for their help along the way. Thanks, too, to the two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions, which, we believe, have made this a better book. Finally, our appreciation to all the authors in the volume for their commitment to this ambitious transatlantic project, their responsive- ness to requests for revisions from us and from reviewers, and for the high quality of their contributions. Introduction New York and Amsterdam: Immigration and the New Urban Landscape Jan Rath, Nancy Foner, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Rogier van Reekum Immigration is dramatically changing major cities throughout the world. Nowhere is this more true than in Amsterdam and New York City, which, after decades of large-scale immigration, now have popu- lations that are about a third foreign born. Amsterdam and New York City have had to deal with incorporating hundreds of thousands of immigrants whose ethnic, racial, and national backgrounds differ from those of many long-established residents, and who display a variety of different languages, religions, cultures, and lifestyles. How have the specific urban contexts of Amsterdam and New York shaped the fates of these newcomers? And—conversely—how has the massive recent immigration transformed New York City and Amsterdam? These are the central questions that will be addressed in this book. ATransatlantic Comparison of Immigrant Cities Amsterdam and New York City share more than a high proportion of foreign born. That the immigrants arriving there in the last half century have mostly come from outside of Europe is a new development in both cities. Newcomers have had to face a wide array of challenges of adjust- ment and accommodation, and these processes show remarkable simi- larities in the two cities. Immigrants have sometimes gotten a cold or >> 1