Fundamental Theories of Physics 209 C. S. Unnikrishnan New Relativity in the Gravitational Universe The Theory of Cosmic Relativity and Its Experimental Evidence Fundamental Theories of Physics Volume 209 SeriesEditors HenkvanBeijeren,Utrecht,TheNetherlands PhilippeBlanchard,Bielefeld,Germany BobCoecke,Oxford,UK DennisDieks,Utrecht,TheNetherlands BiancaDittrich,Waterloo,ON,Canada RuthDurrer,Geneva,Switzerland RomanFrigg,London,UK ChristopherFuchs,Boston,MA,USA DomenicoJ.W.Giulini,Hanover,Germany GreggJaeger,Boston,MA,USA ClausKiefer,Cologne,Germany NicolaasP.Landsman,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands ChristianMaes,Leuven,Belgium MioMurao,Tokyo,Japan HermannNicolai,Potsdam,Germany VesselinPetkov,Montreal,QC,Canada LauraRuetsche,AnnArbor,MI,USA MairiSakellariadou,London,UK AlwynvanderMerwe,GreenwoodVillage,CO,USA RainerVerch,Leipzig,Germany ReinhardF.Werner,Hanover,Germany ChristianWüthrich,Geneva,Switzerland Lai-SangYoung,NewYorkCity,NY,USA The international monograph series “Fundamental Theories of Physics” aims to stretch the boundaries of mainstream physics by clarifying and developing the theoreticalandconceptualframeworkofphysicsandbyapplyingittoawiderange ofinterdisciplinaryscientificfields.Originalcontributionsinwell-establishedfields such as Quantum Physics, Relativity Theory, Cosmology, Quantum Field Theory, StatisticalMechanicsandNonlinearDynamicsarewelcome.Theseriesalsoprovides aforumfornon-conventionalapproachestothesefields.Publicationsshouldpresent new and promising ideas, with prospects for their further development, and care- fullyshowhowtheyconnecttoconventionalviewsofthetopic.Althoughtheaim of this series is to go beyond established mainstream physics, a high profile and open-minded Editorial Board will evaluate all contributions carefully to ensure a highscientificstandard. C. S. Unnikrishnan New Relativity in the Gravitational Universe The Theory of Cosmic Relativity and Its Experimental Evidence C.S.Unnikrishnan TataInstituteofFundamental Research(TIFR) Mumbai,India ISSN 0168-1222 ISSN 2365-6425 (electronic) FundamentalTheoriesofPhysics ISBN 978-3-031-08934-3 ISBN 978-3-031-08935-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08935-0 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland TomyTeachersinKaladyandBeyond AmongthemaremyParents Preface Thefundamentaltheoriesofphysicswereallconceivedandcompletedwellbefore weacquiredanysignificantknowledgeabouttheextentandcontentsofourUniverse. By1930,wehadaseeminglymaturestructureoftheoreticalphysics,withtheSpecial Theory of Relativity, the General Theory Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and the Quantum Field Theory, as well as the complete descriptions of the interactions of electromagnetism(Maxwellelectrodynamics)andgravity(Einstein’sGeneralRela- tivity).But,therealizationaboutthemattercontentandthevastsizeoftheUniverse dawnedonlyafter1930,whenobservationalcosmologyexpandeditshorizonswith theaidoflargetelescopeinstallations.Priortothat,thephysicalspacewasconsid- eredaslargelyempty.Asaconsequence,ourfundamentaltheorieswerestructured assuming explicitly that the space in which physical phenomena occur was essen- tiallyempty,devoidofmatteranditsgravity.Inparticular,thetheoriesofdynamics and relativity, which are the basis of all of physics, have the empty space as their arena. However, factually, all physical theories are written down and tested in this ‘once-given’Universe,intheunavoidablegravitationalpresenceofitsvastamountof matter.Thecurrenttheoriesareoperativeinthismatter-filledUniverse,buttheirtheo- retical structure does not include itsenormous gravity and physical consequences. Thefundamentalthesisdevelopedandprovedinthismonograph,CosmicRelativity, shows that it is indeed the gravity of the matter-energy in the Universe that deter- minesallofdynamicsandrelativisticeffects.Theempiricalproofandoverwhelming support of the gravitational paradigm are evident in several crucial experiments, spanningseveralfields. Matterandenergyconstitutethechargeofgravity;ourUniverseisgravitation- allychargedanditaffectsthemotionofeveryothergravitationalcharge—anyform of matter with mass or energy. From this natural and simple premise, I develop all features of dynamics and relativity as the gravitational consequences of the factualmatterdistributionintheUniverse,withoutfurtherpostulatesorassumptions. ThefundamentalresultsthatfollowincludethePrincipleofRelativity,thelawsof dynamics(Newton’slawofmotion),theEquivalencePrincipleandtheUniversality of Free Fall, the solution to the enigma of inertia, the origin of inertial forces, the relativisticmodification of spatial and temporal intervals, etc. The whole structure vii viii Preface offundamentalphysicsisheldtogetherbythegravityofthematter-filledUniverse, and it has no physical support in an empty Universe. The matter-filled Universe constitutesanabsolutereferenceframeformotionanditalsoprovidesauniversal time,physicallyrepresented,forexample,intheslowlychangingtemperatureofthe cosmic microwave background radiation. The maximal velocity of motion as well asthepropagationoflightaredeterminedbycosmicgravity,intheabsoluteframe oftheUniverse. CosmicRelativityisagrandgeneralizationoftheMachianideaontherelation betweenspaceandmatter.Ifthereisonelargegapinfundamentalphysicstoday,itis ourcontinuingignoranceabouttheoriginofinertiaandNewtonianpseudo-forces,or forceswithoutsources.Einstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativityinheritedtheenigma, but converted it to its founding postulate. The theory of Cosmic Relativity solves thisproblemdecisively,synthesizingGalileo,Newton,Einstein,andMachintoone coherentgravitationalframework.Withanecessaryandsignificantmodificationof Einstein’sequationofgeneralrelativitytoa‘centenaryequation’,Ihaveachieveda consistentcompletionofEinstein’stheoryofgravity.CosmicRelativitybringsback logicalintegrityandconsistencyintothetheoryofrelativityandprovidesacomplete pictureoftherelativisticphysicalworld,adequatelysatisfyingtobothphysicistsand philosophers of physics. One will see in detail how completely, and naturally, the newparadigmsolvesandclarifiesseveralfundamentalissuesthathavebeendebated andresearchedforcenturies. Asoneprogressesthroughthebook,gettingfamiliarwiththeconceptsandquanti- tativeestimates,onewillfindathrillingturntoapplicationsinsatellite-basednaviga- tion,globaltimetransfer,propagationoflight,generaldynamics,tropicalcyclones, spectroscopy,electrontransportinhelicalmolecules,Pauliexclusionandthespin- statisticsconnection,andevenacomprehensiveandsuccessfulunifiedtheoryofthe integer and fractional quantum Halleffects,alltied together through theuniversal natureofcosmicgravity. ThecrucialpredictionsofCosmicRelativityonthebehaviourofprecisionclocks in motion, on the propagation of light, on the unipolar induction in electrody- namics, etc. are all unambiguously confirmed in experiments and empirical data. These predictions are closely linked to the role of the matter-filled gravitational Universewithitsabsolutecosmologicaltimeasthefactualabsolutereferenceframe formotion.ThepredictionthattherelativevelocityoflightisGalilean,relativeto inertialobservers,andnotaninvariantconstant,wasverifiedinanexperimentthat devisedanovelmethodforthemeasurementofthegenuineone-wayrelativespeedof light.Surprisingasthismayseemtomostphysicists,itisafactthattheone-wayrela- tivespeedoflighthasneverbeenexperimentallyscrutinized.Allknownexperiments eithercomparethetwo-wayspeedoflight,inwhichthefirst-ordereffectscancelout, or depend on spatially separated clocks to monitor the propagation, in which case thereareunverifiabletheoreticalassumptionsthatintroducelogicalcircularity.Inany case,severalcrucialexperimentsspanningtwocenturiesarediscussedandanalysed rigorouslyinthisbooktoaffirmtheempiricalbasisofCosmicRelativity. A central result that anchors Cosmic Relativity on a strong empirical founda- tionistheGalileannatureofthegenuineone-waypropagationoflight.Theresults Preface ix frommyexperimentsandthetransparentevidencefromGlobalNavigationalSatel- lite Systems like the GPS establish the Galilean nature of light. Considering the singularimportanceofthisexperimentallyprovenfactaboutthetruenatureoflight, respectingtheexistenceofthegravitationalabsoluteframeoftheUniverse,Ihave takenpedagogiccaretoexplainandillustratetherefutationofEinstein’shypothesis oftheinvariantrelativevelocityoflight. The cosmic gravitational paradigm of relativity and dynamics is both universal andencompassing,coveringawidebasis,withoutthedistinctionbetweenclassical physics and quantum physics. Several fundamental results in spin physics amply illustratethisunity.Thegravitationalbasisdeterminesalsotheabsolutenotionsof simultaneity,causality,andlocality.WithintherobustframeworkofCosmicRela- tivity,thereisnoplaceforirrationalnonlocalphysicalinfluences.Thisisshownin theclearestmannerinadiscussiononsomedeepaspectsofquantumphysics. Historical accuracy is an important factor when we deal with the development ofphysicsoveranextendedduration.Ihavepaidparticularattentiontodependon primary resources in those situations where significant incidents of importance to physicsarediscussed. Thewritingofthismonographtoexplainthisdiscoveryanditsfar-reachingconse- quences, finally putting together cosmology and physics in a credible consistent interconnected paradigm, was not a difficult task, because of the driving charm of thetheoryandtherock-solidempiricalsupportitderivedfromexperimentalresults spanningmorethantwocenturies.However,itstillrequiredthekindsupportfrom several friends, some believing and some dismissive. In return, what I intend to present is akin to a well-harmonized symphony, with an ever-lasting significance andencompassingreach. Thenecessityforaparadigmchange,evidentandexplicitinthisbook,isanalogous totheneedforachangefromageocentricastronomytoaheliocentricastronomy, andasimportant,bothintermsofthecalltorecognizethephysicaltruthbasedon observationaldataandintermsofaconceptualleap.Itisunderstandablethatitmight takesometimebeforethiscosmicgravitationalparadigmforrelativityanddynamics is universally accepted, but an exceptionally robust and consistent basis built on a wealthofexperimentaldataistheunwaveringstrengthofCosmicRelativity. Mumbai,India/Paris,France/St.Agrève,France C.S.Unnikrishnan March2022 Acknowledgements Thecontentsofthisbookpermeateamajorportionoffundamentalphysics.Though theentireparadigmisbasedonthesimplerealizationthatourvastUniversecontains anenormousamountofmatterandthatthecosmicmatterhasgravity,systematically developingthedetailedtheoryandgarneringthestrongempiricalsupportrequired severalyearsofsustainedwork. Ihavetalkedtoalargenumber ofphysicistsandphilosophers ofscienceabout thesetopics.Here,Iwanttoremember‘Rad’,Prof.V.Radhakrishnan,theenthusiastic seekerofanevermoreunderstandableinsightintothephysicalworld. Thereareasmallnumberofmyfriendsintheworldofartsandcinema,whowere fascinatedbythedepthsoftheUniverse.ConversationswithPrakashMoorthyand JoshyJosephaboutcosmosandphysicsmayeventransformtofables. Twostreamsofquietinfluencefrommyparentsweredecisive,thecommitmentto logicalintegritythatwasstressedbymyfatherC.K.SivaramaPillaiandthereliance ontherationalandempiricalfrommymotherG.KalyanikuttyAmma. My sister Karthika and my brother Hari have been unconditionally supportive, enablingmyliberalchoiceofenquiry. Thepreparationandthecompletionofthisbookowealottothecareandenthusiasm ofmycompanionMartineArmand.Shepartookinthecompositionofthisbook,aswell asoftheearlierone(Gravity’sTime),withunwaveringkeennessandhope.Relishing theangel’sshareofphysics,shehelpedinmaintainingasobertoneinthepresentation andlanguage. AngelaLaheeofSpringerNaturehasbeenasymbolofeditorialpositivity,always encouragingandgenerouslysupportive. I thank Ravi Vengadachalam for his excellent coordination, and Kamalambal Palaniforherhelpduringthepreparationoftheproofsandproduction. C.S.Unnikrishnan xi