PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER | Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology New record of Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus sulawensis Alekseev & Vaillant, 2013 (Hexanauplia, Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae) in the Philippines (Luzon Island) Shea Kathleen P. Guinto1, Justine Val Jade B. Lacaba2, John Kenneth V. Cuballes2, Aezrile A. Igancio2, Eric Zeus C. Rizo3, Henri J. Dumont3,4, Bo-Ping Han3 & Rey Donne S. Papa1,2,5* ABSTRACT A study originally intended to update the taxonomy and distribution of calanoid copepods in selected freshwater ecosystems of Central Luzon has led to the discovery of a new record of Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 in Candaba Swamp, Pampanga. Since 1979, the only calanoid copepods recorded from this area included Filipinodiaptomus insulanus (Wright S., 1928) and Tropodiaptomus australis Kiefer, 1936. Later studies on calanoid copepods in the region have since been non-existent. Analyses of pertinent key morphological characters revealed that the specimens at hand belonged to Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus sulawensis Alekseev & Vaillant, 2013, a freshwater diaptomid calanoid copepod subspecies discovered and known to be endemic only in Indonesia. Provided in this paper are baseline information on the morphological characters of the Philippine members of the subspecies accompanied by line drawings as well as a comparison between the recorded morphological data presented by Alekseev, Haffner, Vaillant & Yusoff (2013) and the current dataset to support the identification of the specimen. The discovery of P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis in the Philippines, which was thought to be endemic in Indonesia, presents a new record of this species in the country and the first such record outside of its country of origin. KEYWORDS: Candaba Swamp, Copepod, Indonesia, Inland Waters, Limnology, Thailand INTRODUCTION eastern, and eastern Asia with majority found in Thailand and India. More specifically, Phyllodiaptomus The genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 is comprised of two (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus Dumont & Ranga Reddy, subgenera proposed by Dumont et al. (1996), namely 1994 was originally described from Bangkok, Thailand, Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) having a total of 6 species and was initially reported as Phyllodiaptomus annae and Phyllodiaptomus (Phyllodiaptomus) comprised of 5 (Apstein, 1907) by Lai & Fernando (1980). Further studies species. Moreover, Phyllodiaptomus has been known to be a by Dumont & Reddy (1994) then found out that the P. freshwater genus often found in ponds, irrigation canals, and annae previously studied by Lai & Fernando (1980) was other inland waters usually exposed to anthropogenic misidentified and was then transferred to P. (C.) praedictus activities. In fact, one species, P. wellekensae Dumont & and considered it as the seventh species under the genus Reddy, 1993 is considered a vulnerable species being Phyllodiaptomus (Dumont & Reddy, 1994). Furthermore, endemic to a man-made pond found in Kanyakumari, Alekseev et al. (2013) have discovered P. (C.) praedictus in Tamilnandu, South India (Reid, 1996). To date, members of Lake Tondano in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, the first the genus have been recorded within central, southern, south- record of the species in insular Southeast Asia. This has resulted to a new subspecies P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis 1The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Alekseev & Vaillant, 2013 based on specific morphological 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines characters different from the P. (C.) praedictus population 3Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China in mainland Asia. During this time, they believed that P. (C.) 4Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Belgium praedictus sulawensis was endemic in Lake Tondano and 5Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo its nearby inland waters (Alekseev et al., 2013). Tomas, Manila, Philippines Corresponding Author: [email protected] To date, there are a total of 12 inland water calanoid Date Submitted: 07 May 2018 copepod species recorded in the Philippines which belong Date Accepted: 09 September 2018 © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines to five genera (Arctodiaptomus, Filipinodiaptomus, Mongolodiaptomus, Tropodiaptomus and Pseudodiaptomus) with five species still needing confirmation by conducting further sampling in their previously known collection sites (Lopez et al., 2017). In 2013, R. Papa, H. Dumont, & E. Rizo (unpublished) were able to identify Phyllodiaptomus specimens from Candaba Swamp, Central Luzon although they were not able to proceed with the identification up to species level. In order to resolve this, more specimens from the said locality were collected and identified to be P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis using line drawings. P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis is one of only two calanoid copepod species recorded from the area, the other being the invasive Arctodiaptomus dorsalis (Marsh, 1932), which has been observed to have been introduced through non-native fishes, particularly those used in the aquarium and aquaculture trades (Papa et al., 2012). With the presence of A. dorsalis in a large number of inland waters in the Philippines, there is much greater need not only for copepod biodiversity and distribution studies but also for intensive taxonomic work due to the lack of baseline information on copepod taxonomy in the country. Thus, we now provide information on the current occurrence of P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis in Candaba Figure 1. (A) Pampanga, Philippines., (B) Location of Candaba Swamp, Pampanga and provide taxonomic information within the province of Pampanga; Close-up view showing the needed for species identification of the Philippine members of sites where P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis was recorded within the subspecies. the sampling area. Triangle plots indicate samples from 2013 and square plots indicate samples from 2016, (C) Overview map MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY showing the location of Pampanga Province in Central Luzon, Philippines. Sampling was conducted last November 2016 in Candaba Swamp, Pampanga, Luzon Island (15° 05’ 36” N 120° 49’ 42” sorted and tentatively identified to the lowest possible E) (Fig. 1). A major wetland found in Central Luzon covered taxonomic classification. Dissection was done using fine by three provinces (Bulacan to its east-southeast, Nueva tungsten needles under a BestScope Stereomicroscope. Ecija to its north, and Pampanga to its west-southwest), Specimens were mounted in slides using glycerine as a Candaba Swamp is one of the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) mounting medium and sealed with a cover slip using clear and Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) in the nail polish as sealant. Body length measurements, further Philippines. This area serves as a catch basin for the Maasim, taxonomic observations, and the line drawings were made San Miguel, Garlang, Bulu, and Penaranda rivers, especially using an Olympus CX21 compound microscope with an during the monsoon season. The swamp then drains to attached drawing tube. Dissected specimens were also Manila Bay through the Pampanga River (Ong et al., 2005). subjected to phase contrast microscopy using an Optika B- From January to May, the swamp serves as rice field and fruit 500 Phase Contrast Microscope and the Optika Software. plantations, but from June to December, the area is used for Phase contrast micrographs were then aligned to produce fisheries and serves as a wintering ground for migratory birds. digitized line drawings using Adobe Photoshop CC. A total of 87 samples from 77 sites were collected using Materials Examined conical plankton nets with mesh sizes 90 µm and 50 µm via Previously collected samples deposited at the University of horizontal tow for irrigation canals as well as rice fields and Santo Tomas – Zooplankton Reference Collection (UST- temporary fish ponds with a maximum of depth of 1.27 m. At ZRC Sample Ref. Nos. 0116-0121 and 1579-1665) which least 1 L of water samples were also collected from the were collected in Candaba swamp in January 2013, and 87 periphery of some rice fields and then filtered through a 90 samples collected from the same area in November 2016 µm mesh. All samples were fixed with 95% ethyl alcohol, from a total of 19 sites were used in the study. Identification sieved using 70 µm and 45 µm sieves, and fixed in 70% ethyl was aided by descriptions, taxonomic keys and illustrations alcohol with Rose Bengal dye. Calanoid copepods were by Dumont & Reddy (1993), Dumont et al. (1996), Dumont & © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 14 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Reddy (1994), Dussart & Defaye (2001) Lai et al. (1979), and reaching up to the base of third exopod segment. Exopod 3- Sanoamuang & Yindee (2001), and Alekseev et al. (2013). segmented; first exopod segment, cylindrically-shaped, There were a total of 40 mounted specimens used in the line longer than wide; second exopod segment shaped as a drawings and description of the species which were deposited terminal claw; with lateral spine almost equal in length but at the University of Santo Tomas – Zooplankton Reference thinner than outer spine on third exopod segment. Third Collection (UST-ZRC Slide Ref. Nos. 238-252 and 262-286). exopod segment triangular and smallest; with two unequal setae: a shorter outer spine as long as lateral spine of TAXONOMIC TREATMENT second exopod segment, and a longer inner serrated spine Order Calanoida G.O. Sars, 1903 extending almost at the end of the previous segment. Family Diaptomidae Baird, 1850 Terminal claw (Fig. 2-J) inner margin with 21 spinules and Genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 outer margin with 5 spinules, third exopod segment tip with Subgenus Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) Dumont, pore. Endopod 2-segmented, sturdy, about as long as the Ranga Reddy & Sanoamuang, 1996 inner margin of the first exopod segment; tip of second Species Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus exopod segment rounded, with transverse row of closely Dumont & Ranga Reddy, 1994 arranged spinules, and with slightly larger spine on each Subspecies Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus side. sulawensis Alekseev & Vaillant, 2013 Antennae (Fig. 3-A) biramous, with basipod bearing two Adult Female distal setae and no proximal setae. Exopod, 2-segmented, first segment as long as the basipod bearing two setae; Habitus (Fig. 2-A) Mean total length exclusive of furcal setae second segment smaller than first bearing seven terminal 1.33 mm ± 0.04 mm (n = 30). Rostral spines (Fig. 2-B) setae and six-subterminal setae, and one smaller lateral moderately developed and acute. Fourth and fifth pedigerous setae. Endopod, apparently eight-segmented, segments of somite separated by distinct septum. Fifth pedigerous somite different sizes, segments 1-3 and segments 4-7 nearly of lateral wings asymmetrical, with outer and inner spines; left equal length bearing one seta each. Segment eight as long wing triangular, posterolaterally directed, not overlapping the as all other segments combined with three terminal setae. margin of genital somite; right wing bilobed. Mandible (Fig. 3-B) with gnathal lobe heavily chitinized, Antennules (Figs. 2-K, L, & M) 25-segmented, extending bearing eight fine teeth and a large one, in addition to a beyond furcal setae; armature (segment = setae + finely plumose seta. Basipod of palp with four inner marginal aesthetasc) as normally found in genus: 1, 3-7, 9, 11, 15-19, setae, one simple middle, two plumose distal and one simple 21-24 = 1; 13 =ae; 14 = 1 + ae; 20 = 1 spine; 8, 12 = 1 + 1 distal. Exopod 2- segmented, first segment bearing one spine; 25 = 4). small simple distal terminal seta and one small simple distal marginal seta, second segment with seven terminal setae Urosome (Fig. 2-G) three-segmented; genital somite greater and seven spinules on the mid-dorsal side. Endopod small, in length than the other 2 succeeding somites including furcal four-segmented; proximal segment largest, remaining setae; right margin of genital somite distinctly enlarged, segments of approximately equal size. First segment to third preceded by an indentation; left side enlarged at the proximal segment with one distal marginal seta each; distal segment portion; both sides with one genital spine positioned on bearing three terminal setae. opposite sides located dorsolaterally directed posterolaterally; Genital pore (Fig. 3-E) with prominent fold on each side Maxilla (Fig. 3-C) with five large medial lobes (endite) and having a genital septum which divides the genital plates three smaller terminal lobes; antepenultimate lobe with three covering into two external gonopores. Second urosomite setae, penultimate lobe bearing two setae, terminal lobe the smallest, proximal portion partially inserted in genital somite. smallest, with one seta; marginal lobes bearing 4, 3, 3, 3, Anal somite equal in length as inner margins of furcel setae and 4 setae, respectively, as well as one separate proximal with setules; Furcal setae adorned with setules except for the seta near base of first endite. dorsal seta of the furca, innermost furcal seta of each furca with slight bulge at the base on outer side. Maxillule (Fig. 3-D) with gnathobase or first inner lobe bearing ten thick outer spines and four smaller spines at the Fifth pediger (P5; Fig. 2-I) symmetrical, coxa wide and posterior, second inner lobe and third inner lobe with four somewhat rectangular, with a conical blunt spine located inner terminal setae each. Coxal epipod or outer lobe with posterolaterally at the distal margin. Basis triangular in shape, nine long setae. Exopod bearing six marginal setae, and one smaller than the coxa, with long sensory setae almost small marginal seta found protruding between outer lobe and © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 15 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Figure 2. Female Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus sulawensis. A, habitus; B, frontal view of rostrum; C, spermatophore; D, genital somite in ventral view; E, genital field; F, left caudal ramus dorsal view; G, fifth pedigerous somite and urosome; H, left side of the fifth pedigerous somite and urosome; I, P5 posterior view; J, terminal claw of the fifth leg; K-M, antennule. © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 16 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Figure 3. Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus sulawensis. A, antenna; B, mandible; C, maxilla; D, maxillule; E, maxilliped. © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 17 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Figure 4. Female Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus sulawensis. A, first pediger; B, second pediger; C, third pediger; D, fourth pediger. exopod. Endopod 2-segmented with four setae on first, and incised tip; relative lengths of spine as follows: 13 > 11 > 10 seven on second segment. > 15 > 8 > 12 > 14 > 16; two long setae found on the antepenultimate segment, with a relatively large comb-like First to fourth pedigers (P1-P4; Fig. 4) with normal process, with 4-8 teeth, some specimens may vary in sizes complement of setae and spines of the subfamily (Figs. 5-L, M); armature summarized as: 2-4, 5-6, 21 = 2; 8 = Diaptominae. Similar for both male and female. 2 + 1 spine; 9= 2; 10-12 = 1 + 1 spine; 13 = 1 spine; 14-16= 1 + 1 spine + ae; 17 = ae; 20 = 2 + ae; 22 = 4. Armature of Adult Male left A1 similar in female, except for minor differences in length of setae. Habitus (Fig. 5) Mean total length exclusive of furcal setae 1.14 mm ± 0.04 mm (n = 30). Rostral spines similar in female, Fifth leg (P5; Fig. 5-D) asymmetrical, left P5 smaller than but slightly smaller. Fourth and fifth pedigerous somite right P5. Right P5 coxa shaped into a large triangular plate at separated by a distinct septum. Lateral wings of fifth the distal inner corner, presence of a pointed and posteriorly pedigerous somite small, triangular; spines on the left size oriented distal region, armed with a strong conical spine, smaller than the spines on the right side. projecting from a lobular structure at the distal inner corner of posterior surface. Basis rectangular in shape, longer than Right antennule (A1; Fig. 5-I) geniculate, 22-segmented, with wide, with small triangular ridge-like protrusion (Fig. 5-F) at spines on segments 8 and 10-16 (Figs. 5-J, K) longest spine the distal inner region of basis; large, bilobed hyaline lamella found on segment 13, 18th to 20th segments longest; located at inner margin; proximal region with longitudinal segments 11 and 13 with aesthetascs shaped as spines with chitinous ridge at the middle, distomedial with sensory © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 18 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Figure 5. Male Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus sulawensis. A, dorsal habitus; B, urosome in lateral view; C, urosome in dorsal view; D, caudal rami in dorsal view; E, P5; F, right P5; G, left P5; H, terminal membranous hyaline fan of right P5; I, right antennule; J, segments 13-16; K, segments 8-12; L-M, antepenultimate comb. © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 19 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines seta. Exopod two-segmented; first exopod segment about Dam, Nueva Ecija, and another in Barangay Pasig, a twice as wide as it is long, with sturdy slightly incurved spine fishpond in Barangay Lanang and Barangay Loren de at outer distal corner, spinous process may vary in shape; Guzman, a rice field in Barangay Patalaya and Barangay presence of crescent-shaped hyaline lamella near the inner Panggatang, in Magumbali, and in Santa Rosario (Fig. 1). P. distal region. Second exopod segment spoon-shaped, about (C.) praedictus was initially recorded as an endemic species twice as long as wide, posterior surface curved inwards, small in Thailand (Dumont & Reddy, 1994). However, Alekseev et lobed hyaline lamella at mid-proximal margin of the base, al. (2013) was able to record its presence in Indonesia which hyaline lobe absent at the outer distal corner of the posterior resulted to the recognition of an endemic subspecies that is surface and lateral digitiform appendix protruding somewhat herein reported for the first time in the Philippines and posterior to the mid-outer margin. Terminal claw immediately outside its type locality. There were no samples collected succeeding the second exopod segment, slender, sickle- from the northeastern parts of the municipality of Candaba shaped with a blunt tip and armed with numerous spinules on because of the elevation, accessibility, and low water levels the inner margin at the middle region. Endopod tapering from there. the proximal to distal region, inwardly curved tip with a row of fine apical spinules, posterior surface with a longitudinal DISCUSSION chitinous ridge. In 2013, calanoid samples collected from Candaba Swamp Left P5 (Fig. 5-G) reaching the length of the posterior border by R. Papa, H. Dumont & E. Rizo (unpublished) were of basis of right P5, slightly incurved. Coxa somewhat identified to belong to the genus Phyllodiaptomus but were rectangular, armed with long slender spine at distal inner not described in detail to ascertain its species-level corner. Basis lateral margins curved outwards, longer than identification. The availability of more recently collected wide, with small hyaline lamella at the inner margin, a sensory samples have led us to confirm our initial generic seta distally positioned at the outer corner. Exopod (Fig. 5-E) identification and identify it up to subspecies level. In this two-segmented, first exopod segment with lobe of hairs found paper however, we reported the second occurrence of P. on the distal inner margin. Second exopod segment shaped (C.) praedictus in insular Southeast Asia and the first record into a thumb-like process, tapering from the base to the apex, of P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis outside its type locality longitudinally-arranged rows of hairs located and covering the possibly suggesting a wider geographic distribution. This in- inner middle margin of the base, narrow hyaline lamella lining depth taxonomic work on the species was done in order to present near the apex, with a large inner seta, tapering provide baseline information on the current specimens distally, proximal half dilated and set with fine spinules; distal available in the country and in order to properly identify them half narrower and covered with dense long setules and a up to subspecies level. These information have allowed us to large hyaline fan typically with 8 serrations located between compare the characters between P. (C.) praedictus, P. (C.) the inner seta and digitiform thumb-like apex. Endopod two- praedictus sulawensis, and the specimens collected in the segmented, small, flask-shaped, reaching near the base of Philippines (Tables 1 & 2). the second exopod segment, apex obliquely pruned, with minute spine on each side and row of spinules at the apex. The occurrence of P. (C.) praedictus in Candaba Swamp, Luzon Island showed that the species is now more widely Urosome (Fig. 5-B) of five somites. First segment with short, distributed than previously thought. This points to the slim spine at right distal junction. Second segment ventral successful dispersal of copepods through migratory birds margin with longitudinally arranged rows of hair-like setae. from East Asia that pass through the eastern coast of Third segment without hair-like setae, wider than long. Fourth Thailand before proceeding to Candaba Swamp over the segment asymmetrical. Furca symmetrical, longer than wide, course of their migration through the East Asian – inner margins bearing fine setae, and with six pairs of furcal Australasian flyway (Bamford et al., 2008). In the process, setae; lateral furcal seta slightly bigger than the others; the birds may carry with them resting copepod eggs that are presence of joints just before the start of setation found in all dispersed either through excrement release or via dislodging the setae except the inner lateral seta; dorsal seta without from feathers and claws (Green & Figuerola, 2005). More or joints, lack setules along lateral sides as shown on (Fig. 5-C). less 20 avian species belonging to different groups such as but not limited to egrets, ducks, pelicans, herons, kingfishers, Remarks on distribution plovers, bitterns, shanks, sandpipers, hens, sparrows, owls, P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis was found in the following dovers, falcons, crows, bulbuls, geese, spoonbills, snipes, localities within the Candaba Swamp: San Agustin (center of and wagtails (Jensen et al., 2015; Melendres, 2014; Ong et Candaba Swamp), a puddle of water beside the road in al., 2005; Redman, 1993) fly in and out of Candaba Swamp Donya Turo, an irrigation canal coming from Pantabangan from different parts of Asia. It is hypothesized that P. (C.) © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 20 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Table 1. Comparison of characters between the species collected in this study with the identifying characters of Phyllodiaptomus (Ctenodiaptomus) praedictus based on Dumont & Reddy (1993) and Dumont & Reddy (1994). MALE praedictus This study Body size (mm) 1.01-1.10 1.07-1.22 Right lateral wing - inner spine much smaller than apical spine   Urosome - 2 alone with ventral hairs   Furca - both rami symmetrical   - both rami without ventral armature   - lateral Fs undilated proximally   Right Antennule - spine on segment 8 reduced   - antepenultimate segment with comb-like process   Right Fifth Leg: Coxa - inner hyaline plate short, roughly triangular   Right Fifth Leg: Basis - inner margin with 2 hyaline lobes   Right Fifth Leg: distal outer corner of first exopod segment -with large spinous process   Right Fifth Leg: Second exopod segment - oval or elongately oval   - lateral spine thick, digitiform and distal   -without hyaline lobe   Right Fifth Leg: terminal claw - slender   Right Fifth Leg: shape of Endopod - almost pyriform with dilated base   Left Fifth Leg: Second exopod segment - with fan-like outgrowth between apical thumb and inner seta   Left Fifth Leg: shape of endopod - roughly flask-shaped with dilated base   © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 21 Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Guinto, S.K.P. et.al.: New record of Phyllodiaptomus in the Philippines Table 2. Comparision of characters between the species collected in this study and the characters differentiating P. (C.) praedictus from P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis based on Alekseev et al. (2013). P. (C.) praedictus MALE P. (C.) praedictus This Study sulawensis Right antennule -comb on antepenultimate 4-7 large equal-sized teeth 2-3 large and 4-5 tiny teeth 2-3 large and 4-5 tiny teeth segment -spine on segment 13 Sharply bent over spine on Never bent over distal end Never bent over distal end segment 14 of the spine on segment 14 of the spine on segment 14 -segment 15 With relatively long spine With very short spine With very short spine reaching the end of the segment praedictus sulawensis may have been naturally introduced in copepods which may have been dispersed through avian the area through avian migratory traffic. The presence of migration which occurs annually in the region. migratory species in the area brings with it potentially interesting new records of copepods, such as P. (C.) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS praedictus sulawensis, since birds are an established agent of dispersal for copepods (Green & Figuerola, 2005). This The authors would like to acknowledge the reviewers for means of dispersal is unlike the one observed for another non their valuable input leading to the great improvement of this -indigenous zooplankton recently documented in the paper. Their comments and suggestions have enlightened Philippines - the Neotropical Arctodiaptomus dorsalis, which us with regards the true identity of the Philippine is known to have been introduced from the Americas through Phyllodiaptomus thus leading to its publication. Also, we ship drinking water reserves and the trade of tropical would like thank the Candaba Municipality Tourism Office for aquarium fishes which was then spread to various localities the assistance provided during the field work. We would like through the transfer of aquaculture fishes (Lopez et al., 2017). to thank the Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute for the scholarship grants to Shea Guinto Although there are anthropogenic activities occurring in the and Eric Zeus Rizo during the course of the study. We would area, mainly small-scale aquaculture in privately-owned fish also like to acknowledge the support from the grant for ponds using non-native fish, agriculture during the dry leading talent scientists of Guangdong Province to Henri season, and fishing during the rainy season, such activities Dumont and the National Basic Research Program of China could not have been the primary vector for dispersal of the (No. 2012CB956100) and the National Science Foundation- copepod species because the sources of these activities are China (No. 31670460) for Bo-Ping Han. restricted locally. LITERATURE CITED CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Alekseev, V.R., Haffner, D.G., Vaillant, J.J., & Yusoff, F.M. This paper presents P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis from (2013). Cyclopoid and calanoid copepod biodiversity in Candaba Swamp, Pampanga as a new record in the country, Indonesia. Journal of Limnology, 72: 245-274. the first record outside its type locality in Indonesia, and the Bamford, M., Watkins, D., Bancroft, W., Tischler, G., & Wahl, second record in insular Southeast Asia. It is suggested that J. (2008). Migratory shorebirds of the East Asian - P. (C.) praedictus sulawensis was naturally introduced into Australasian flyway: Population estimates and the country via avian migration. Also, we have provided the Internationally Important Sites. Wetlands International - most basic information for the identification of the Philippine Oceania. Canberra, Australia. members of this particular species which will be useful in the Dumont, H. J., & Reddy, Y. R. (1993). A reappraisal of the future for constructing an updated taxonomic key for genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936, with the description Philippine inland water calanoid copepods. Our results of P. wellekensae n.sp. from India, and a redescription of showed how Candaba Swamp in Pampanga may harbor high P. tunguidus Shen & Tai, 1964 from China (Copepoda, species richness for “non-charismatic” fauna such as Calanoida). Hydrobiologia, 263: 65–93. © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 22