Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 32, No. 1: 28-37, January 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2016.32.1.028 New Record of Gadella jordani and Redescription of Physiculus japonicus (Pisces: Moridae) in Korea Seo Ha Jang1, Jin-Koo Kim1,*, Jeong-Ho Park2, Young Sun Song1 1Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea 2National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea ABSTRACT We describe the morphological characteristics of two morids, Gadella jordani and Physiculus japonicus, belonging to the order Gadiformes, based on Korean specimens collected from the Korean ocean. Two specimens of Gadella jordani was first collected from Jeju Island, Korea and the East Sea, Korea, in 2013-2014. This species is characterized by 8, 67-69 dorsal fin rays, 66-71 anal fin rays, 5 13 gill rakers, no barbel on the lower jaw, no vomerine teeth, and a ventral luminous organ closer to the anus than to the interventral line. We described it as + the first record to the Korean fish fauna, and proposed the new Korean name “Min-su-yeom-dae-gu-sok” for the genus Gadella, and “Min-su-yeom-dae-gu” for the species G. jordani. Physiculus japonicus was first reported by Koh and Moon in the year 1999 based on a single specimen in Korea. However, no study has been attempted to describe the morphological characteristics in Korea since then. In 2013-2014, three specimens of P. japonicus was collected from Jeju Island, Korea and the East Sea, Korea, and we redescribe P. japonicus in detail. This species is characterized by 9-10, 63-64 dorsal fin rays, 70-73 anal fin rays, 3 7-8 gill rakers, a short barbel on the lower jaw, and a ventral luminous organ equidistant between the interventral line and the anus. + Keywords: Gadella jordani, Physiculus japonicus, new record, redescription, Moridae INTRODUCTION The genus Gadella Lowe, 1843 is differs from other gene­ ra by the lack of a barbel on the lower jaw and the diameter The family Moridae in the order Gadiformes comprises and position of the ventral luminous organ (Lowe, 1843; 107 species of 18 genera worldwide (Eschmeyer and Fong, Paulin, 1989). The genus Physiculus Kaup, 1858 is similar 2015). In Japan, 17 species of 8 genera are currently known to the genus Gadella in some morphological characteristics: (Nakabo, 2013), and three species, each belonging to differ­ ventral luminous organ in advance of the anus, two dorsal ent genera, are found in Korea (Kim, 2011) including Laem­ fins. But can be distinguished from it by the presence of a onema nana Taki, 1953, Lotella phycis (Temminck and Sch­ barbel on the lower jaw (Paulin, 1989). Recently, two morid legel, 1846), and Physiculus japonicus (Hilgendorf, 1879). specimens were collected by trawl net from the East Sea and They are distributed worldwide from shallow coastal areas Jeju Island in Korea, and were identified as Gadella jordani to deep waters (beyond 2,500 m), and less potential value to (Böhlke and Mead, 1951) using both morphological and the fishery except in New Zealand and Australia (Cohen et molecular methods. This species has never officially been al., 1990). Fishes of the family Moridae were placed in the included in Korean fish fauna. Here, we describe its detailed family Gadidae until Svetovidov (1948) recognized a distinct morphological characteristics to suggest new Korean names family Moridae, based on the uniqueness of the anterior of genus and species. paired projections of the swim bladder connected to the rear In Korea, P. japonicus was first reported by Koh et al. of the skull. Among these, four genera (Gadella, Physiculus, (1999) based on a single specimen, thereafter, the morphol­ Tripterophycis, and Salilota) have a ventral luminous organ ogical characteristics of this species in Korea have not been (Paulin, 1989; Cohen et al., 1990; Nelson, 2006). studied since then. Therefore, we redescribe P. japonicus in This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative *To whom correspondence should be addressed Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ Tel: 82-51-629-5927, Fax: 82-51-629-5931 licenses/by­nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non­commercial use, distribution, E-mail: [email protected] and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. pISSN 2234-6953 eISSN 2234-8190 Copyright The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology Occurrence of Gadella jordani and Physiculus japonicus in Korea detail based on three Korean specimens collected from the SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS East Sea and Jeju Island, Korea in 2013-2014. Order Gadiformes Goodrich, 1909 Family Moridae Moreau, 1881 MATERIALS AND METHODS 1*Genus Gadella Lowe, 1843 (new Korean name: Min­ su­yeom­dae­gu­sok) Two specimens of G. jordani were collected by bottom trawl Gadella Lowe, 1843: 91 (type species: Gadella gracilis from the East Sea and the northeast coast of Jeju Island, Lowe, 1843). Korea. Three specimens of P. japonicus were also collected Uraleptus Costa, 1846: 39 (type species: Gadus maraldi from the East Sea and Jeju Island, Korea, by trawl and set Risso, 1810; by monotype). net in 2013-2014. These specimens were fixed in 10% for- Brosmiculus Vaillant, 1888: 292 (type species: Brosmiculus malin and preserved in 70% ethanol. Counts and measure- imberbis Vaillant, 1888; by monotype). ments followed Hubbs and Lagler (2004), using a vernier Leptophycis Garman, 1899: 182 (type species: Leptophycis caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. The vertebrae were counted filifer Garman, 1899; by monotype). from a radiograph (Softex HA-100, Japan). The size and position of the ventral luminous organ were measured with Diagnosis. Body elongated and compressed; snout broad, the methods of Paulin (1989). These specimens were depo­ obtusely rounded; teeth variable; no vomerine teeth; no sited at the Ichthyology Laboratory at Pukyong National barbel on lower jaw; pelvic fins with two outermost rays University (PKU), and the Fisheries Resources Laboratory, filamentous; ventral luminous organ in anterior to anus; East Sea Fisheries Research Institute (ESFRI), Korea. scales small, cycloid, covering entire body but not on snout; The molecular identification of G. jordani was performed otoliths spindle shaped, inside straight (Lowe, 1843; Paulin, with primer pair VF2 (5′-TCAACCAACCACAAAGACA 1989). TTGGCAC-3′) and FishR2 (5′-ACTTCAGGGTGACCG Remarks. In the genus Gadella, 14 species have been AAGAATCAGAA-3′), which amplify the mitochondrial reported in the world (Sazonov and Shcherbachev, 2000). DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) They are distinguished from all other genera by having no (Ward et al., 2005). The genomic DNA was extracted from barbel on the lower jaw (Lowe, 1843; Paulin, 1989; Trunov, muscle tissue using the AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extraction 1992; Okamoto et al., 2010). Kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a total volume of 30 μL containing 2* Gadella jordani (Böhlke and Mead, 1951) (Table 1, 3 μL of DNA template, 2.4 μL of dNTPs, 3 μL of 10 buf­ Fig. 1) (new Korean name: Min-su-yeom-dae-gu) fer, 0.1 μL of Taq DNA polymerase, 1 μL of forward primer, Physiculus jordani Böhlke and Mead, 1951: 27 (type local­ × 1 μL of reverse primer, and distilled water. The PCR con- ity: Suruga Bay, Japan); Okamura in Masuda et al., 1984: sisted of initial denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, 35 cycles of 91. 95°C for 1 min, 52°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min, follow­ Physiculus inbarbatus Kamahora, 1952: 94 (type locality: ed by final extension, 72°C for 5 min. The PCR products Kochi Prefecture, Japan); Chen and Yu, 1986: 337; Shen were purified using the Davinch DUO Purification Kit (Da et al., 1993: 165. vinch­K, Seoul, Korea). The PCR products were sequenced Gadella norops Paulin, 1987: 75 (type locality: Western with an ABI 3730XL DNA Analyzer and the ABI Prism Australia, 18°41′S, 116°46′E); 1989: 101; Cohen in Cohen BigDye Terminator v3.1 Ready Reaction Cycle Sequencing et al., 1990: 358; Paulin and Roberts, 1997: 23; Long and Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The sequ- McCosker, 1998: 4; Iwamoto, 1999: 1996. ences were aligned by CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al., 1994) Gadella jordani: Paulin, 1989: 99; Cohen in Cohen et al., in the BioEdit (ver. 7) (Hall, 1999). The sequences of G. 1990: 358; Long and McCosker, 1998: 4; Sazonov and imberbis (GeneBank accession No. KC015368) from the Shcherbachev, 2000: 71; Shen and Wu, 2011: 239; Yu and National Center for Biological Information database were Ho, 2012: 37; Nakabo, 2013: 484. used for the sequence comparison. We also obtained the mitochondrial COI sequence of P. japonicus (PKU 8358, Material examined. One specimen, 281.0 mm in standard Korea) for outgroup. A neighbor joining tree (Saitou and length (SL), collected by bottom trawl net, at 129-148 m Nei, 1987) was constructed using the Kimura two­parameter depth, Hupo, Uljin, East Sea, Korea (36°43.30′N, 129°32.81′ model (Kimura, 1980) in MEGA 5 (Tamura et al., 2011). E), 5 May 2013, ESFRI 1106; one specimen, 119.7 mm SL, Korean name: 1*민수염대구속, 2*민수염대구 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 32(1), 28-37 29 Seo Ha Jang, Jin-Koo Kim, Jeong-Ho Park, Young Sun Song Table 1. Comparison of counts and measurements of Gadella jordani Böhlke and Mead Paulin Yu and Ho Present study (1953) (1989) (2012) No. of specimens 3 1 (Holotype) 30 15 Standard length (SL, mm) 77.0-281.0 162.0 138.0-225.0 145.0-230.0 Counts Dorsal fin rays 8, 67-69 8, 71 7-9, 67-74 7-9, 63-73 Anal fin rays 66-71 75 65-72 62-71 Pectoral fin rays 21-22 22 - 20-22 Pelvic fin rays 6 - - 5-6 Gill rakers 5 13 5 10 4-5 10-14 4-5 10-11 SL (%) + + + + Head length 19.6-23.1 (21.6) 24.7 20.8-24.0 (21.7) - Head width 12.4-13.6 (13.2) 16 11.8-13.0 (12.7) - Snout length 6.5-6.9 (6.5) 8.0 4.3-6.6 (5.6) - Orbit diameter 3.5-5.1 (4.5) 4.6 4.2-5.1 (4.7) - Interorbital width 9.2-9.6 (8.9) 9.6 - - Body depth 17.3-19.7 (18.8) 16.7 - 16.3-21.0 (18.2) Body width 11.0-13.5 (12.1) 11.7 - 9.3-14.4 (12.5) Body depth at pelvic fin 16.1-17.8 (17.1) 17.9 15.3-20.8 (17.4) - Caudal peduncle depth 1.9-2.2 (2.1) 2.2 1.9-2.1 (1.9) - Caudal peduncle width 0.8-0.9 (0.8) 0.6 - - Upper jaw length 9.3-11.9 (10.8) 11.7 10.6-11.9 (10.9) - Lower jaw length 8.1-10.8 (9.8) 10.5 - - Postorbital length 10.1-11.4 (10.6) 13.0 - - Predorsal fin length 23.6-26.6 (25.2) 24.7 24.8-25.8 (25.0) 23.6-26.8 (25.2) First dorsal fin length 5.6-5.8 (5.9) 4.6 - - Presecond dorsal fin length 31.2-32.9 (32.0) 30.6 - - Second dorsal fin length 61.0-62.7 (61.8) 63.0 - - Preanus length 27.7-32.0 (29.9) 34.9 - - Preanal fin length 30.2-31.5 (30.7) - - - Anal fin length 62.0-63.9 (63.0) 66.7 - - Prepectoral fin length 21.7-26.3 (24.8) 27.5 - - Pectoral fin length 15.4-20.4 (18.5) 14.9 15.6-18.9 (17.4) - Prepelvic fin length 18.2-22.1 (19.7) 26.9 - 18.4-24.6 (21.9) First dorsal fin height 6.6-7.3 (6.9) - - - Postorbital length 10.1-11.4 (10.6) 13.0 - - Predorsal fin length 23.6-26.6 (25.2) 24.7 24.8-25.8 (25.0) 23.6-26.8 (25.2) First dorsal fin length 5.6-5.8 (5.9) 4.6 - - HL (%) Snout length 28.1-30.8 (29.8) - - 27.7-33.8 (30.4) Eye diameter 18.0-21.9 (20.5) - - 14.5-24.5 (18.4) Interorbital width 39.6-41.8 (41.0) - - 37.1-45.0 (39.6) Postorbital length 54.4-55.6 (55.2) - - 48.4-59.3 (56.3) Upper jaw length 47.3-51.7 (50.0) - - 44.2-56.7 (48.9) InV-af (%)a InV-LO 39.5-40.3 (39.9) - 38.6-41.9 (39.6) 32.3-43.8 (39.0) LO 4.7-4.9 (4.8) - 2.5-4.8 (3.7) 2.8-5.8 (4.8) InV-anus 67.9-69.8 (68.9) - - 58.2-79.2 (66.4) Data in parentheses are means. SL, standard length; HL, head length; InV, interventral line; LO, luminous organ. aProportion as % InV-af: measurements of the interventral line (anterior edges of the bases of the pelvic fin) to the origin of the anal fin. collected by bottom trawl net, northeast coast of Jeju Island, 1. Body slim and elongated (Fig. 1). Tail compressed; very Korea, 27 Oct 2014, PKU 11461. narrow caudal peduncle. No V­shaped ridge on top of skull; Comparative material examined. One specimen, 77.0 mm dorsal margin of head slightly sloping; snout short and SL, collected by trawl net, Suruga Bay, Japan (35°00.194′N, rounded; mouth large and terminal; posterior tip of maxilla 138°22.497′E), 27 Nov 2013, MSM­15­13. reaching to posterior margin of eye; no barbel on lower jaw; Description. Counts and measurements as shown in Table teeth villiform, small, equal size, arranged in 3-5 rows on 30 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 32(1), 28-37 Occurrence of Gadella jordani and Physiculus japonicus in Korea Fig. 1. Gadella jordani (Böhlke and Mead, 1951); PKU 11461, standard length, 119.7 mm. both jaws; no vomerine teeth; eyes small; interorbital space well to those of our specimens (Table 1). Böhlke and Mead wider than eye diameter; two pairs of nostrils, circular shape. (1951) placed this species in the genus Physiculus based on Gill slit large; posterior margin of opercle not reaching to the lack of vomerine teeth and the position of the ventral origin of pectoral fin. Lateral line extending from opercular luminous organ. However, Paulin (1989) suggested that this flap to base of caudal fin. Fins lack spines; origin of first species be placed in the genus Gadella based on the follow­ dorsal fin vertically above upper end of gill opening; first ing traits: ciliform teeth on both jaws, ventral luminous organ dorsal fin ray not elongated; origin of second dorsal fin very small and closer to the anus than to the interventral line, begins vertically above base of anal fin; second dorsal fin and no barbel on the lower jaw. Three species of the genus and anal fin same in height; posterior margin of pectoral fin Gadella have been recorded in the North Pacific: G. edel­ extending until base of anal fin; pelvic fin with outermost manni (Brauer, 1906), G. jordani (Böhlke & Mead, 1951), two rays filamentous, beginning under lower base of pecto- and G. molokaiensis Paulin, 1989 (Nakabo, 2013). Of these, ral fin; anal fin not notched; caudal fin slightly rounded, G. molokaiensis is known only from the Hawaiian Islands separated dorsal and anal fin rays. Ventral luminous organ (Paulin, 1989; Okamoto et al., 2010). Gadella jordan i and small and placed closer to anus than to interventral line. G. molokaiensis can be distinguished by snout length in SL Anus anterior to origin of anal fin. Head and body covered (7.0%-7.9% in the former vs. 4.3%-6.6% in the latter), head with cycloid scales, except for lower position of snout, length in SL (20.8%-24.0% in the former vs. 25.3%-29.1% branchiostegal membranes, vertical fin membranes, ventral in the latter), orbit diameter in SL (4.2%-5.1% in the former luminous organ (ESFRI 1106, PKU 11461). vs. 5.1%-5.8% in the latter), maxillary length in SL (10.6% Color. When fresh: body reddish­brown dorsally and -11.9% in the former vs. 12.6%-14.8% in the latter) (Paulin, bluish ventrally, undersides of head and abdomen bluish­ 1989). However, Sazonov and Shcherbachev (2000) suggest­ black; lips, tip of tongue, branchiostegal membranes, and ed that G. molokaiensis cannot be clearly distinguishe d from gill rakers blackish; all fins transparent, with dark spots on G. jordani and that the two species might be syno nymous dorsal and anal fin membranes; posterior margin of caudal (Sazonov and Shcherbachev, 2000; Okamoto et al., 2010). fin dark brown (Fig. 1). In ethanol: body yellowish­brown; Taxonomic characters of two species suggested by Paulin undersides of head and abdomen blackish; lower jaw (1989) may be insufficient to identify the two species. There- blackish; all fins transparent. fore, further studies on morphological and molecular differ­ Distribution. East Sea (Uljin) and Jeju Island, Korea (pre­ ences of the two species are necessary. Gadella jordani and sent study); Japan (Okamoto et al., 2010); China (Chinese G. edelmanni can be distinguished by second dorsal fin rays Academy of Fishery Science, 2007); Taiwan (Shao, 1997); (67-74 in the former vs. 63-65 in the latter), anal fin rays Australia (Hoese et al., 2006); Fiji (Seeto and Baldwin, 2010). (65-72 in the former vs. 64-68 in the latter), gill rakers (4- Remarks. The examined specimens were identified as G. 5 10-14 in the former vs. 2 10-11 in the latter), diam eter jordani based on the lack of a barbel on the lower jaw, no of the ventral luminous organ in InV­af (2.5%-4.8% in the + + vomerine teeth, and a ventral luminous organ positioned former vs. 4.4%-7.0% in the latter) (Paulin, 1989). Except closer to the anus than to the interventral line (Paulin, 1989). for the genus Gadella, G. jordani is similar to P. japonicus Most of the characteristic counts and measurements of the in some morphological characters, including its round head, original description (Böhlke and Mead, 1951) correspond two dorsal fins, no vomerine teeth, the origin of the 2nd dor- Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 32(1), 28-37 31 Seo Ha Jang, Jin-Koo Kim, Jeong-Ho Park, Young Sun Song sal fin is vertically above the origin of the anal fin, and the Physiculus japonicus Hilgendorf, 1879 (Table 2, Fig. 2) ventral light organ is anterior to the anus (Fig. 1) (Paulin, (Korean name: Dol-dae-gu) 1989; Koh and Moon, 2003; Okamoto et al., 2010; Nakabo, Physiculus japonicus Hilgendorf, 1879: 80 (type locality: 2013). However, the two species are clearly distinguished by Yokohama, Japan); Okamura in Masuda et al., 1984: 91; the presence or absence of a barbel on the lower jaw (absent Shen, 1984: 143; Chen and Yu, 1986: 337; Paulin, 1989: in the former vs. present in the latter), the diameter of the 112 (as P. japonica); Cohen in Cohen et al., 1990: 370 (as ventral luminous organ in InV­af (2.5%-4.8% in the former P. japonica); Shen et al., 1993: 165; Koh and Moon, 2003 vs. 6.5%-10.6% in the latter), the position of the ventral (as P. japonica); Kim et al., 2005: 174; Kim, 2011: 55; luminous organ (closer to the anus than to the interventral Shen and Wu, 2011: 240; Yu and Ho, 2012: 47; Nakabo, line in the former vs. generally equid istant between the inter­ 2013: 410. ventral line and the anus in the latter), and the size of the Lotella maximowiczi Herzenstein, 1896: 13 (type locality: teeth (equally sized in the former vs. the outer raw teeth are Hakodate, Japan); Chen and Yu, 1986: 337. generally larger than the inner teeth in the latter) (Tables 1, Physiculus maximowiczi Herzenstein, 1896: 14 (type local­ 2, Figs. 2, 3) (Paulin, 1989; Koh and Moon, 2003; Yu and ity: Hakodate, Japan); Okamura in Masuda et al., 1984: Ho, 2012). To identify the species exactly, we compared a 91; Shen, 1984: 143; Shen et al., 1993: 165; Iwamoto in 466-base pair mitochondrial DNA COI sequence in Japan G. Randall and Lim, 2000: 595; Yu and Ho, 2012: 47. jordani. The sequences in 2 specim ens from this study cor­ responded well with the sequence in specimen from Japan Material examined. One specimen, 362.0 mm SL, collected (genetic distance, d 0.005-0.007) (Fig. 4). Thus, these spe­ by set net, Daejin, Goseong, East Sea, Korea, 12 Feb 2013, cimens were identified as G. jordani based on morphological ESFRI 907; one specimen, 374.5 mm SL, collected by set = and molecular analyses. We propose a new Korean name net, Sokcho, East Sea, Korea, 14 Mar 2013, PKU 8358; one “Min-su-yeom-dae-gu-sok” for the genus Gadella and “Min- specimen, 269.3 mm SL, collected by trawl net, Jeju Island, su-yeom-dae-gu” for G. jordani. Korea, 10 Mar 2014, PKU 10366. Description. Counts and measurements shown in Table 2. A B Fig. 2. A, Physiculus japonicus Hilgendorf, 1879; PKU 10366, standard length (SL), 269.3 mm; B, ESFRI 907; SL, 362.0 mm. 32 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 32(1), 28-37 Occurrence of Gadella jordani and Physiculus japonicus in Korea Table 2. Comparison of counts and measurements of Physiculus japonicus Paulin Koh and Moon Yu and Ho Present study (1989) (2003) (2012) No. of specimens 3 22 1 11 Standard length (SL, mm) 269.3-374.5 66.0-239.0 343.2 162.0-310.0 Counts Dorsal fin rays 9-10, 63-64 8-11, 63-71 9, 67 9-10, 65-74 Anal fin rays 70-73 63-78 71 70-81 Pectoral fin rays 23 23-26 25 23-26 Pelvic fin rays 6 - 6 5-7 Gill rakers 3 7-8 2-3 7-8 3 8 - Vertebrae 52 52-56 - - + + + SL (%) Head length 21.7-25.1 (23.7) 22.7-25.7 (24.4) 23.2 21.7-26.1 (23.9) Head width 13.5-17.7 (15.5) - - - Snout length 6.0-7.0 (6.6) 6.2-6.9 (6.6) 4.9 - Orbit diameter 4.5-4.9 (4.8) 5.2-6.4 (5.9) 5.1 - Interorbital width 6.2-7.2 (6.8) 3.7-4.9 (4.5) 4.5 - Body depth 19.9-25.1 (22.3) 17.3-25.1 (20.4) 22.0 18.0-23.0 (20.5) Body width 12.9-17.0 (15.1) - - 12.6-17.7 (15.3) Caudal peduncle depth 2.2-3.0 (2.7) 2.5-3.4 (2.9) 3.1 - Caudal peduncle width 1.2-1.2 (1.2) - - - Upper jaw length 10.7-11.9 (11.5) 10.8-11.8 (11.2) 11.0 - Lower jaw length 9.0-11.5 (10.4) - - - Barbel length 3.1-4.1 (3.7) 3.7-5.5 (4.9) 3.2 - Postorbital length 11.1-13.8 (12.7) - - - Predorsal fin length 26.0-29.9 (28.5) 27.2-29.9 (28.5) 24.4 25.4-29.8 (27.3) First dorsal fin length 6.8-8.5 (67.4) - - - Presecond dorsal fin length 33.3-38.2 (36.1) - - - Second dorsal fin length 59.2-62.0 (60.6) - - - Preanus length 25.7-28.7 (27.4) - - - Preanal fin length 32.5-36.7 (34.4) - - - Anal fin length 65.7-66.1 (65.9) - - - Prepectoral fin length 22.8-27.0 (25.2) - - - Pectoral fin length 14.6-17.0 (15.7) 14.9-17.0 (15.8) - - Prepelvic fin length 17.7-20.8 (19.4) - - 18.2-24.0 (20.3) Pelvic fin length 13.1-15.0 (13.9) - 8.3 - First dosal fin height 7.6-11.6 (9.7) - - - HL (%) Snout length 26.3-28.1 (27.2) - - 24.7-28.6 (26.8) Orbit diameter 18.6-22.5 (20.2) - - 21.0-26.5 (23.3) Interorbital width 28.7-29.1 (29.0) - - 21.9-27.9 (25.1) Postorbital length 51.1-54.9 (53.6) - - 51.2-55.8 (53.0) Upper jaw length 47.3-49.5 (48.4) - - 43.5-49.1 (45.9) Barbel length 12.3-17.7 (15.6) - - 15.6-23.1 (19.9) Pelvic fin length 53.7-63.0 (58.8) - - 45.6-69.4 (60.2) First dorsal fin height 34.9-46.3 (40.5) - - 30.1-46.0 (38.7) InV-af (%)a InV-LO 20.4-24.0 (21.6) 20.4-25.8 (23.0) - 17.1-26.6 (20.8) LO 8.8-10.3 (9.4) 6.5-10.6 (9.0) - 8.6-13.0 (10.0) InV-anus 50.9-60.1 (55.9) - - 47.5-61.4 (55.5) Data in parentheses are means. SL, standard length; HL, head length; InV, interventral line; LO, luminous organ. aProportion as % InV-af: measurements of the interventral line (anterior edges of the bases of the pelvic fin) to the origin of the anal fin. Body slim and elongated (Fig. 2). Narrow caudal peduncle; mouth large and subterminal; posterior tip of maxilla reach- tail compressed; head and abdominal region are laterally ing to posterior margin of the eye; short barbel on lower compressed. Head moderately large and anterior slightly jaw, shorter than orbit diameter; teeth conical, small, arrang­ vertically depressed; no V­shaped ridge on top of the skull; ed in 4-5 rows on both jaws; outer premaxillary teeth some- snout rounded and protrudes slightly beyond the upper jaw; what larger than inner; no vomerine teeth; eyes moderately Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 32(1), 28-37 33 Seo Ha Jang, Jin-Koo Kim, Jeong-Ho Park, Young Sun Song Fig. 3. Illustrations of the sizes and positions of the luminous organs in ventral view of Gadella jordani and Physiculus japonicus (cited from Paulin, 1989). Fig. 4. Neighbor joining tree inffered from mt-COI, showing phylogenetic relationships for Gadella jordani specimens. Bootstrapping values obtained from Kimura two-parameter method are shown in each node in order. Scale bar indicates a genetic distance (d) of 0.02. small; interorbital space wider than eye diameter; two pairs head and abdomen blackish; all fins are pale. of nostrils, circular shape. Posterior margin of opercle not Distribution. East Sea (Sokcho and Goseong) and Jeju reaching to origin of pectoral fin; lateral line extending from Island, Korea (present study; Koh and Moon, 2003); Japan opercular flap to middle of the second dorsal fin; fins lack (Cohen et al., 1990); China (Chinese Academy of Fishery spines; origin of the first dorsal fin posterior to and vertically Science, 2007); Taiwan (Shen et al., 1993). above base of pectoral fin; first dorsal fin rays not elongated; Remarks. As shown in Table 2, the morphological charac- origin of second dorsal fin posterior to margin of pectoral teristics of these specimens in the present study correspond fin; pelvic fin begins anterior to base of pectoral fin, outer- well with those of the previous studies (Paulin, 1989; Koh most two rays filamentous; anal fin not notched. Ventral and Moon, 2003; Yu and Ho, 2012). In Japan, six species luminous organ moderately large, generally positioned mid­ of the genus Physiculus have been recorded: P. japonicus way between interventral line and anus; caudal fin slightly Hilgendorf, 1879, P. chigodarana Paulin, 1989, P. maxi­ rounded, separated in the dorsal and anal fin rays. Head and mowiczi (Herzenstein, 1896), P. nigripinnis Okamura, 1982, body covered with cycloid scales, except for the suborbital P. rhodopinnis Okamura, 1982, and P. yoshidae Okamura, region, lower position of snout, branchiostegal membranes, 1982 (Nakabo, 2013). Of these, P. japonicus and P. chigo­ vertical fin membranes, and ventral luminous organ (Table 2, darana are easily distinguishable by the height of the first Figs. 2, 3). dorsal fin (equal to the height of the second dorsal fin in the Color. When fresh: body reddish­brown; undersides of head former vs. higher than the second dorsal fin height in the and abdomen bluish­black. Lips dark brown; branchiostegal latter) (Paulin, 1989; Nakabo, 2013). Physiculus japonicus membranes and gill rakers blackish; all fins reddish-brown, is distinguishable from P. nigripinnis in the number of first posterior margins of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish dorsal fin rays (9-10 in the former vs. 6-8 in the latter), the (Fig. 2). In ethanol: body brownish­yellow; undersides of color of the dorsal and anal fins (reddish­brown in the former 34 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 32(1), 28-37 Occurrence of Gadella jordani and Physiculus japonicus in Korea vs. black in the latter); from P. rhodopinnis in the number of January 2007). Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Bei- first dorsal fin rays (9-10 in the former vs. 6-7 in the latter), jing, pp. 1-599. the color of the dorsal fins (uniformly reddish-brown in the Cohen DM, 1979. Notes on the morid fish genera Lotella and former vs. lower halves black in the latter); from P. yoshidae Physiculus in Japanese waters. Japanese Journal of Ichthy- in the number of first dorsal fin rays (9-10 in the former vs. ology, 26:225-230. 6-7 in the latter), the number of anal fin rays (60-71 in the Cohen DM, Inada T, Iwanoto T, Scilabba N, 1990. Family Mo- ridae. In: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, former vs. 70-77 in the latter), position of the ventral lumi- hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. nous organ (generally midway between the interventral line Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the anus in the former vs. closer to the anus than to the species catalogue. Vol. 10 (Eds., Fischer W, Schneider W, interventral line in the latter) (Paulin, 1989; Nakabo, 2013). Garibaldi L). Food and Agricultural Organization of the Physiculus japonicus is most similar to P. maximowiczi in United Nations, Rome, pp. 346-351. its external shape, but differs in the size of the teeth (outer Costa OG, 1846. Fauna del Regno di Napoli ossia Enumer- raw teeth larger than inner in the former vs. equal in the lat- azione di tutti gli animali che abitano le diverse regioni ter), and the presence or absence of gular scales (generally di questo regno e le acque che le bagnano contenente la absent in the former vs. present in the latter) (Svetovidov, descrizione de nuovi poco esattamente conosciuti Part 1. 1967). However, Cohen (1979) examined the holotypes of Fauna del regno di Napoli, pp. 1-511. Eschmeyer WN, 1998. Catalog of fishes. Special Publication. 3 P. japonicus and P. maximowiczi and noted that they were Vols. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, quite similar, and suggested that they probably represent the pp. 1-2905. same species. Paulin (1989) later mentioned that P. maximo­ Eschmeyer WN, Fong JD, 2015. Species by family/subfamily in wiczi was a synonym of P. japo nicus, but the identification catalog of fishes, 2015 [Internet]. Institute for Biodiversity of the two species was not yet confirmed (Eschmeyer, 1998). Science and Sustainability, San Francisco, CA, Accessed 2 Therefore, further research is required to resolve the taxono- Nov 2015, <http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ mic confusion of these two species. ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp>. Garman S, 1899. Reports on an exploration of the west coast of Mexico, central and South America, and off the Galapagas ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Islands in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer “Albatross”, during 1891. Memoirs We are deeply indebted to Dr. Shinichi Tomiyama (Marine of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Science Museum of Tokai University) for his donating the 24:1-431. Hall TA, 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence tissue sample of the comparative species. 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