Introduction i 1111 New Horizons in Medical 2 Anthropology 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4111 New Horizons in Medical Anthropologyis a cutting edge volume in honour 5 of Charles Leslie, a highly respected medical anthropologist whose influ- 6 ential career has shaped this branch of anthropology as it is studied and 7 theorized today. Written by former students and colleagues of Charles 8 Leslie, this collection of papers deals with issues as diverse as AIDS and 9 new medical technologies, therapy management and over-population with 20111 case studies from Africa and Asia. 1 The first section of the book reflects recent research by medical anthro- 2 pologists working in Asia who have been inspired by Charles Leslie’s 3 earlier research on medical pluralism, the social relations of therapy 4 management, the relationship between state and medical systems, and 5 health discourse. The latter part of the volume then reflects the lesser 6 known aspects of Leslie’s work – his contribution as an editor and the 7 role he played in carrying the field forward; his ethics as a medical anthro- 8 pologist committed to humanism and sensitive to racism and eugenics; 9 and the passion he inspired in his co-workers and students. 30111 Charles Leslie is a remarkable and influential social scientist. New 1 Horizons in Medical Anthropology is a fitting tribute to a sensitive man 2 whose ethics, theories and codes of practice provide an essential guide to 3 all future medical anthropologists. 4 5 Mark Nichter is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. 6 Margaret Lock is Professor in the Department of Social Studies of 7 Medicine and in the Department of Anthropology, McGill University. 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 ii Mark Nichter and Margaret Lock Theory and Practice in Medical Anthropology and International Health A series edited by Susan M DiGiacomo University of Massachusetts, Amherst Editorial Board H. Kris Heggenhougen, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Daniel E. Moerman, University of Michigan, Dearborn R. Brooke Thomas, University of Massachusetts, Amherst International Advisory Board George Armelagos, Hans Baer, Peter Brown, Xòchitl Castaneda, Deborah Gordon, Xòchitl Herrera, Judith Justice, Montasser Kamal, Charles Leslie, Shirley Lindenbaum, Margaret Lock, Setha Low, Mark Nichter, Duncan Pedersen, Thomas Ots, Nacy Scheper-Hughes, Merrill Singer Founding Editor Libbet Crandon-Malamud† Volume 1 Volume 6 Hippocrates’ Latin American What’s Behind the Symptom? Legacy: Humoral Medicine in the On Psychiatric Observation and New World Anthropological Understanding George M. Foster Angel Martinez-Hernáez Volume 2 Volume 7 Forbidden Narratives: Critical The Daughters of Hariti: Autobiography as Social Science Childbirth and Female Healers in Kathryn Church South and South-East Asia Edited by Santi Rozario and Volume 3 Geoffrey Samuel Anthropology and International Health: Asian Case Studies Volume 8 Mark Nichter and Mimi Nichter New Horizons in Medical Anthropology: Essays in Honour of Volume 4 Charles Leslie The Anthropology of Infectious Edited by Mark Nichter and Margaret Disease: International Health Lock Perspectives Edited by Marcia C. Inhorn and Peter J. Brown Volume 5 Against Death: The Practice of Living with AIDS Robert M. Ariss 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4111 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 Charles Leslie Introduction v 1111 New Horizons in Medical 2 3 Anthropology 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Essays in Honour of Charles Leslie 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 Edited by Mark Nichter 1 and Margaret Lock 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 U T LE O D 9 R G 40111 E 1 • • 2 Taylor&Francis Group 3 London and New York 44111 First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2002 selection and editorial matter, Mark Nichter and Margaret Lock; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-39851-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-39941-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–27793–0 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–27806–6 (pbk) Introduction vii 1111 Contents 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4111 List of contributors ix 5 Acknowledgements xiii 6 7 1 Introduction: From documenting medical pluralism to 8 critical interpretations of globalized health knowledge, 9 policies, and practices 1 20111 MARGARET LOCK AND MARK NICHTER 1 2 2 Governing bodies in New Order Indonesia 35 3 STEVE FERZACCA 4 5 3 Too bold, too hot: Crossing “culture” in AIDS prevention 6 in Nepal 58 7 STACY LEIGH PIGG 8 9 4 The social relations of therapy management 81 30111 MARK NICHTER 1 2 5 Making sense out of modernity 111 3 MARINA ROSEMAN 4 5 6 A return to scientific racism in medical social sciences: 6 The case of sexuality and the AIDS epidemic in Africa 141 7 GILLES BIBEAU AND DUNCAN PEDERSEN 8 9 7 “We five, our twenty-five”: Myths of population out of 40111 control in contemporary India 172 1 PATRICIA JEFFERY AND ROGER JEFFERY 2 3 8 Establishing proof: Translating “science” and the state 44111 in Tibetan medicine 200 VINCANNE ADAMS viii Contents 9 Notes on the evolution of evolutionary psychiatry 221 ALLAN YOUNG 10 Utopias of health, eugenics, and germline engineering 239 MARGARET LOCK 11 Killing and healing revisited: On cultural difference, warfare, and sacrifice 267 MARGARET TRAWICK Charles Leslie’s Publications 297 Index 301 Introduction ix 1111 Contributors 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4111 Vincanne Adams is Associate Professor of Anthropology in the 5 Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine at the 6 University of California, San Francisco. Her research interests include 7 contemporary resurrections of debates on ethnomedicine, postcolonial- 8 ity and colonialism, globalized alternative medicine research, and the 9 medical domains of Tibet, Nepal and the Himalayas. Her books include 20111 Tigers of the Snow and Other Virtual Sherpas (Princeton University 1 Press) and Doctors for Democracy(Cambridge University Press). 2 Gilles Bibeau is Professor of Medical Anthropology in the Department 3 of Anthropology at the Université de Montréal. In the 1960s and 1970s 4 he carried out long-term fieldwork in Africa studying African healing 5 modalities and religions in both rural and urban settings. During the 6 past two decades his research activities have centered around four 7 main topics: the international comparative studies of mental health 8 problems (Brazil, India, Mali, Peru, Côte d’Ivoire, Italy); the culture 9 of drug addicts and street gangs in Montreal; the adaptation of young 30111 African immigrants to Québec society; and sexuality and AIDS. He 1 is currently chairing an international network of Latin American 2 Schools of Public Health on the social determinants of health. His 3 most recent books are: Dérives Montréalaises (Boréal Press, 1995) 4 (a study of shooting galleries in Montreal); and Juvenile Street-gangs 5 (Boréal Press, 2001). 6 7 Steve Ferzacca is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University 8 of Lethbridge in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. A major focus of his 9 ethnographic research is medical pluralism in Indonesia. His recent 40111 book, Healing the Modern in a Central Javanese City (Carolina 1 Academic Press, 2001) is an interpretive and phenomenological explo- 2 ration of the relationship between medical practice, the health of 3 modernity, and Javanese structures of experience. Professor Ferzacca 44111 is presently finishing a project on the works and life of a Javanese