Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 "New Growth from New Soil": Henry Cowell's Application and Advocacy of Modern Musical Values Stephanie N. Stallings Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC “NEW GROWTH FROM NEW SOIL”: HENRY COWELL’S APPLICATION AND ADVOCACY OF MODERN MUSICAL VALUES by Stephanie N. Stallings A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Stephanie Stallings defended on November 23, 2004. ____________________________ Denise Von Glahn Professor Directing Thesis ____________________________ Charles Brewer Committee Member ____________________________ Michael Buchler Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Musical Examples……………………………………………………………iv Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….v 1. HENRY COWELL’S MUSIC CRITICISM………………………………………1 2. NEW GROWTH FROM NEW SOIL: INNOVATION AND AMERICAN MODERNISM……………………………………………………………………......6 3. TRANS-ETHNIC MUSIC: BEYOND NEO-PRIMITIVISM …………………...25 4. LOOKING AHEAD TO AN AMERICAN PAST: RADICAL SIMPLICITY IN THE HYMNS AND FUGUING TUNES…………………………………………………40 5. CONCLUSIONS: COWELL’S MUSIC REVALUED………………………….. 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………62 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH……………………………………………………….. 67 iii LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES 1. Example 2.1 Reprint from David Nicholl’s American Experimental Music (1890- 1940): p.141………………………….………………………………………………….15 2. Example 2.2 Reprint from David Nicholl’s American Experimental Music (1890- 1940): p. 141……………………………………………………………………….……16 3. Example 2.3 Fabric, mm.1-2…………………………………..……….……………17 4. Example 2.4 The Tides of Manaunaun, mm. 22-23……………………….…………18 5. Example 2.5 Dynamic Motion, mm. 44-52…………………………………………..19 6. Example 2.6 Trio: Four Combinations for Three Instruments, mvmt.1, mm. 1-3…..22 7. Example 2.7 Trio: Four Combinations for Three Instruments, mvmt. 2, mm. 27-29………………………………………………………………………………22 8. Example 2.8 Trio: Four combinations for Three Instruments, mvmt. 4, mm. 1-2…..23 9. Example 2.9 Trio: Four Combinations for Three Instruments, mvmt. 4, mm. 9-10...24 10. Example 2.10 Trio: Four Combinations for Three Instruments, mvmt. 4, mm. 23-24………………………………………………………………………………24 11. Example 3.1 Ritournelle, Trio………………………………………………………33 12. Example 3.2 Ritournelle, performance indication for Trio section…………………34 13. Example 3.3 String Quartet No. 4, “United,” mvmt. 1, p. 1……………………….37 14. Example 3.4 United Quartet, mvmt. 1, mm. 18-23…………………………………39 15. Example 3.5 United Quartet, mvmt. 3, mm. 1-2……………………………………40 16. Example 4.1 Hymn, Choral and Fuguing Tune, Hymn, mm. 1-6…………………..55 17. Example 4.2 Hymn, Choral and Fuguing Tune, Hymn, mm. 13-16……………….55 iv ABSTRACT An examination of Cowell’s musical aesthetic found in his critical articles and essays is necessary in approaching his compositions, many of which push against mainstream compositional currents of their day. According to Henry Cowell, experimentation and innovation were the special province of American modernist composers who needed a way to distance themselves from European values. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, it is an examination of the relationship between Henry Cowell’s critical writing and his many disparate compositional styles, with the aim of untangling his complex musical aesthetic within its proper historical context. Consequently, the paper will also illuminate certain key issues with which Cowell remained engaged throughout his life, and to show how his thinking surrounding these issues changes over the course of his career. A contemporaneous critical analysis of Cowell’s written advocacy and musical compositions is broken into chronological periods that span his entire career, showing his changing philosophies surrounding key issues. v CHAPTER 1 HENRY COWELL’S MUSIC CRITICISM A tireless composer, theorist, advocate and educator, Henry Cowell (1897-1965) was an enigmatic figure in twentieth-century American music. Scholars, however, have had difficulty realizing the value of his many contributions. With his New Music Society, founded in 1927, Cowell became the foremost advocate for modern music in the country. He also published over two hundred articles and essays between 1925 and 1964, most of which were some form of criticism of his fellow composers. An examination of Cowell’s musical aesthetic as found in his critical articles and essays illuminates his over 900 compositions,1 many of which push against mainstream currents of their day. In the first few decades of the twentieth century, American modern music critics such as Paul Rosenfeld and W. J. Henderson wrote mainly about European-informed modernism: the works of Schoenberg and Stravinsky. Beginning his advocacy in the early 1920s, Cowell was one of the first champions of American musical modernism. According to Cowell, experimentation and innovation were the special province of American modernist composers who needed a way to distance themselves from European values. Thus, Cowell drew upon an American individualist tradition that reached back to transcendentalism and to Ralph Waldo Emerson’s call for Americans to free themselves from Europe’s courtly muses. Only more recently have scholars turned their attentions to the serious study of Cowell’s works. The only book-length biography of Henry Cowell is Michael Hicks's Henry Cowell, Bohemian.2 Hicks concentrates on Cowell's early life and career. His aim 1 Although Lichtenwanger’s catalogue of Cowell’s works lists 966 items, the precise number is difficult to determine. Cowell often either recycled material or grouped separate works together, creating a new catalogue entry. 2 Michael Hicks, Henry Cowell, Bohemian. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002). 2 is not only to fill in the more hazy details of Cowell's biography, but to address what had been missing from Cowell research: a systematic analysis of his early musical and ideological influences. Carol Oja's book, Making Music Modern,3 offers a unique contribution to Cowell scholarship: it explores his spiritual influences and Cowell's own need for his music to deliver emotional sustenance. Rita Mead’s book on the New Music Society, Henry Cowell’s New Music 1925-1936,4 provides the essential background for Cowell’s early modern music advocacy. Cowell's own writings form the core of this study. His book New Musical Resources (written in 1919, revised and published in 1930), while not necessarily indicative of the way new resources function in his own music, offers insight into his musical thought. Cowell’s book is an attempt to link his music to a historical lineage and to define a new precompositional musical system in the absence of tonality. Cowell’s critical articles provide a much clearer picture of his artistic philosophies than his music alone. He wrote almost two hundred articles, most of them for widely distributed music journals such as Musical America, and Modern Music. He also wrote frequently for journals with a more targeted audience, most notably Musical Quarterly (he contributed to the “Current Chronicle” from 1948 until 1954). In addition to music and dance publications, Cowell wrote for non-musical journals and newspapers such as the Freeman, the New York Times, Century, and the New Republic. These articles, as can be expected, are on topics of more general musical interest. An invaluable resource has been Bruce Saylor’s The Writings of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Bibliography. It has allowed for an informed selection of primary source materials from Cowell’s literary oeuvre. Similarly, William Lichtenwanger’s The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Catalog has facilitated the selection of appropriate compositions for analysis. Cowell’s prolific writing career spans the period from 1921 until 1964. In his writings, Cowell clearly articulates certain features of modern music that he endorses, such as the successful use of new musical materials, as well as features of which he is 3 Carol Oja, Making Music Modern. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000) 127-143. 4 Rita Mead. Henry Cowell’s New Music 1925-1936: The Society, the Music Editions and the Recordings. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1981. 3 markedly cynical, such as the reliance on European musical tradition. For this study, representative editorial articles have been selected that span twenty-eight years of Cowell’s literary career. The sample includes fifty-four articles, all of which are on composers, individual works, or specific musical issues. A large number of Cowell’s total published articles (eighty-one out of two hundred) are critical assessments of individuals or groups of composers. These include performance and publication reviews, as well as essays on the composers themselves. Cowell chose mainly to review those contemporaries in whose works he found considerable innovation or historic import. Blatantly disapproving statements about specific composers are rare and brief, but they are particularly acerbic when present. However, most of Cowell’s negative criticisms are couched in praise so as to lessen their blow. For example, of Virgil Thomson’s The Seine at Night, Cowell wrote that it “will be more played than others of his works in which the severity of manner is more obvious to the ear.”5 The reader is then left to decide which has more weight in Cowell’s mind: that Thomson’s other works are too severe for his taste or that Seine is more worthy of critical attention. Other of Cowell’s opinions are simply presented as fact, and are sometimes juxtaposed with an opposing viewpoint so that Cowell’s reader must infer his meaning. In 1941, Cowell wrote an essay on two Cuban composers: Amadeo Roldán, who “had enough Negro blood to be stirred and interested by the Afro-Cuban rhythms of the natives,” and Alejandro Caturla, who “studied a short time with Nadia Boulanger.” Cowell remarked that Roldán’s work “preserves that spirit [of native Cuban performance] through the use of characteristic rhythms and instruments . . . no composer has ever succeeded better in capturing the feeling of native music in symphonic works.” Later in the essay, it becomes apparent that Cowell believed Caturla to have suffered from his European training with Boulanger, since he “used more conventional instruments to imitate the sounds of Cuban music.”6 By juxtaposing the two composers it is evident that Cowell found Roldán’s music more authentic and therefore more effective than Caturla’s. 5 Cowell, “Current Chronicle: New York,” Musical Quarterly (July 1948): 410-415. 6 Cowell, “Roldán and Caturla of Cuba,” Modern Music 18/2 (January-February 1941): 98-99. 4 Of E. F. Burian, Cowell noted, “A thoroughly modern young man, he values publicity at any cost.”7 However, in the context of Cowell’s own career (he was often accused of “typical American careerism”8) this is not a negative assessment. Similarly, to be called “thoroughly modern” is perhaps the best compliment Cowell could have offered the young composer. Because Cowell wrote about music with unusual sensitivity, a close examination of his critical writings is helpful in grasping his set of aesthetics. Thirty-four of Cowell’s articles focus on specific musical dilemmas, issues or trends. He was particularly aware of issues concerning the performance of American music. In the 1930 article “Batons are Scepters” in the New Freeman, for example, Cowell examined the unhappy circumstance that no American conductor was at the helm of any major American symphony orchestra and that performances of American works were drastically outnumbered by their European counterparts.9 Another issue about which he wrote frequently was the problem of Western musical notation. In the 1926 article, “Our Inadequate Notation,” Cowell opined that, “the present notation can give bare details of the pitch and rhythm of conventional modes, but little else. It cannot convey subtle tonal effect . . . quarter steps, exact slides and involved cross-rhythms cannot be accurately notated.” He reiterated this theme often in other writings. The role of modern music critic was seemingly inevitable for Cowell, who from an early point in his career was dedicated to musically educating the American masses. He was remarkably adept at tailoring his writing style to a lay audience, and firmly believed in the vitality and applicability of new music to modern American life. In addition to his many critical pieces for music journals, Cowell wrote thirty-five articles and essays for non-musical journals, from his co-authored 1921 article for the Freeman entitled “Harmonic Development in Music”10 to the 1964 article “International Music” for the World Union-Goodwill.11 7 Cowell, “Vocal Innovators of Central Europe,” Modern Music 7/2 (February-March 1930): 34-38. 8 Charles Seeger, "Henry Cowell." Magazine of Art 33 (1940): 323. 9 Cowell, “Batons are Scepters,” New Freeman, I/16 (July 2, 1930): 374-376. 10 Cowell, “Harmonic Development in Music,” with Robert L. Duffus, Freeman III/55 (March 30, 1921): 63-65. This is Cowell’s first published assertion that movement away from conventional tonality in modern music is due to the acoustical phenomenon of the sequential acceptance of overtones beyond the fundamental. 11 Cowell, “International Music,” World Union-Goodwill III/1 (February 1964): 22-24. 5