4^ Et NEW EDITIONS <C°c<5> SOPHIA ZAPHIROPOULOS Introduction INTRODUCTION For those candidates who have studied one of the three set texts, Question 5 consists of three New Fowler Proficiency Writing Skills I is the first part of a questions, one for each of the set texts. Candidates two-part course which aims to teach the techniques are required to write one of the following: students require to attempt any of the variations among the six forms of writing task set in the revised an article Cambridge Proficiency examination. Approximately one an essay third of the material in Writing Skills has been revised for a letter this book. All the other material in this book is new. a review Eleven of the twenty units consist of two facing pages, a report and should, under normal circumstances, be completed The time limit (2 hours) and length of writing tasks in a lesson, with a writing task to be done later in (300-350 words), remain unchanged. approximately one hour, the time allowed for it in the examination. In the remaining nine units of four pages, two lessons will normally be required. Teaching writing skills It is important for students to understand that while The changes in the examination credit is given to Proficiency candidates for their use of The biggest change in the writing paper of the revised structure and vocabulary, these are not the only Cambridge Proficiency examination is that it now has considerations to be taken into account; organisation and the relevance of the answer to the task are at least two parts, as do FCE and CAE. equally important. Different writing tasks require specific techniques to deal with them, and such Part I consists of a compulsory question comprising techniques can be taught effectively through models instructions and a text or texts which provide written within the capacity of a good student that can candidates with a clear context. There is always more be analysed, imitated and practised. These models are than one point to address in this question, and supported with revision of the necessary grammatical candidates should learn to identify these points and structures and lexical items by means of accompanying ensure that they cover them when writing. The exercises and the reference section and the appendix at question is discursive, and candidates are expected to the end. write one of the following: an article Doing justice to oneself in an examination an essay The Proficiency examination requires a considerably a letter more sophisticated use of English than First Certificate a proposal and the difference between these two levels is often underestimated by students. The difference, however, is In Part 2, candidates choose one question not so much a matter of using more complicated comprising instructions which give candidates structures or a wider range of vocabulary as of guidance to the context. In order to be successful in providing an answer relevant to the question, well Part 2, candidates should be competent at narrating, organised in good, clear sentences and paragraphs. The analysing, hypothesising, describing, giving reasons, range of questions open to the examiner is persuading, judging priorities, evaluating, making considerable, as indicated by the contents pages of this recommendations, giving information and book, but learning the right technique to deal with each summarising. Candidates are expected to write one is half the battle. Therefore, it is recommended that of the following, from a choice of three: students pay particular attention to the tips provided an article throughout the book. These consist of practical advice a letter on what to do and what not to do in a given situation a proposal and should make it possible for students who take it to a review do justice to themselves in the exam. a report Contents UNIT PART TECHNIQUE MODELS REVISION PAGE SECTION I: ARTICLES I 2 Describing and narrating What a difference! Tenses Close friends again Used to and would I Taking sides Who's freedom? Theirs or ours? 10 I Balancing an argument Computers: a dream or a nightmare? Connectors and modifiers: 14 balancing an argument I Providing solutions Too many people, not enough earth Conditionals 16 Preserving the planet for future Should, ought to and would generations SECTION 2: LETTERS 5 2 Complaining Semi formal: A resident's concerns 18 Formal: An official complaint 2 Giving information A letter of welcome to 20 exchange students 2 Making suggestions Preserving and restoring a town Articles 24 Improving a town Should I Giving opinions Young people on the streets Conditionals 26 S E C T I ON 3: E S S A YS Comparing Public and private transport in the city Connectors and modifiers 30 Responding to generalisations Relation between national Articles 32 character and climate I i I Providing information The importance to good health Connectors and modifiers 34 Alternative medicine Contents UNIT PART TECHNIQUE MODELS REVISION PAGE SECTION 4: P R O P O S A LS 12 2 Applying for funds First aid facilities at the 38 Five Oaks Sports Centre 13 Assessing choices Spending the proceeds Passive voice 42 of a summer fair 14 Evaluating a situation Decline in local tourism Should 46 A college newspaper Conditionals S E C T I ON 5: R E V I E WS IS 2 Reviewing a book Not without my daughter Tenses in 'timeless' time 50 16 2 Reviewing a film Castaway Tenses in 'timeless' time 52 2 Reviewing a restaurant/hotel The Willows Phrases in apposition 54 Compound adjectives SECTION 6: R E P O R TS Assessing facilities The Majestic Hotel 58 2 Assessing suitability The Jorvik Viking Centre Connectors and modifiers: 60 developing an argument 20 2 Giving information A college film club 62 Reference section 64 Appendix 70 CPE Writing Sheets 72 Describing and narrating Articles In this article, Martin Fraser describes his return to a small town in England after an absence of 25 years. Read the article and complete the exercises that follow. What a difference] When I was a boy I used to spend a villages I used to ride to. As you come into fortnight every summer with my aunt Leabury, you no longer pass a farm with Elizabeth in Leabury, a small town in the cows grazing in the fields. A vast housing Midlands. But twenty-five years ago she estate stretches from the motorway to retired and moved to the seaside, and I did what used to be the outskirts. nor return until I had to go there on The centre of the town has been business last week. entirely transformed. The old buildings My aunt's house was on the outskirts have been knocked down and there is a big of the town so I often used to ride out into shopping centre with a multi-storey car the country on my bicycle. I would follow park beside it. There are no family shops the London road for a mile or two and in the main street now, only the same then branch off for a circular tour of the offices, stores and fast-food restaurants neighbouring villages, eventually finding you find everywhere. The old town used to my way back by the other main road. have a character of its own but now it is About a mile from home there was a small like any other place in England. pond with ducks swimming on it. I used to On the way back, I went to see my stop there to watch them and skim stones aunt's old house, though I hardly across the water. Beyond the pond was recognised it at first. The present owners Hayward's Farm, with cows grazing in the have painted it bright yellow so it looks fields, and then I would come down the like a big jar of mustard. I shook my head hill into the town and turn right into my in disbelief and turned towards home. But aunt's road to complete the circuit. just before I reached the motorway, I There have obviously been changes suddenly saw something familiar, a little since I was a boy but I was not prepared pond with a wall round it, some ducks, and for many of those I saw last week. For one two boys skimming stones across the L thing, the motorway that passes close to water. At least some things have not the town actually goes over two of the changed. Describing and narrating Articles 2 This article refers to four separate times: A 25 or more years ago, when the writer was a boy B last week, when he visited the town again C the present moment D some time or period of time in between his childhood and now Study Reference section 12 on page 68 and Reference section 14 on page 69 and then answer these questions, writing the correct letter of time reference (A, B, C or D) in the space, as in the example. Which period or periods are referred to in: a the first sentence? b the whole of the second paragraph? c the first sentence of the third paragraph? and d the description of the entry to the town? e the description in the fourth paragraph? and f the writer's comments in the last paragraph? and Which tenses (present, present perfect or past) or forms (used to, would) does the writer use to deal with each period? B C D 3 Look at the pictures of Athens and work with another member of the class to decide what changes have taken place in the period of 70 years between the times when the photographs were taken. Write an article about changes that have taken place in one of the following in recent years: a your neighbourhood b a place where you went on holiday as a child c a city or country you first visited many years ago and have seen again recently Follow this plan of four stages (though there may be more than four paragraphs): 1 Introduction, indicating the place and your association with it 2 Description of the place as it used to be 3 Description of the place as it is now, emphasising changes that have occurred 4 Your reactions to these changes 7 Describing and narrating Articles The description of changes in a place (pages 6-7) was told from the point of view of the present moment. In many articles of this kind, however, the main narrative tense is past. Study Reference section 12b and d on page 68 and then read Gloria's article about a meeting with a school friend she met again after ten years who had changed. Most of the verbs have been left in brackets. Complete the article by putting them into the most suitable tense. Close friends again Soon after I left school my family (1) (move) to Bristol and I (2) (lose) touch with all my friends, when l (3) (return) to London last year after ten years, l (4) (find) some of their names in the phone book and we (5) (organise) a reunion. But there was no trace of Eugenia, my closest friend. The others told me they (6) (not see) her for a long time. Eugenia was the most attractive girl in my class. She was tall and slim and (7) (have) ioveiy dark brown eyes and long black hair that (8) (come) half way down her back, she was very popular because she (9) (have) a wonderful sense of humour, she used to invent games to keep us all amused and always (10) (seem) to be laughing and smiling. One morning last month I (11) (go) into a jeweller's shop in the city to buy a watch. The only assistant was a tall woman who (12) (look) a few years older than me. Her hair was grey and although she still (13) (have) a young, slim figure, there were lines around her eyes, and she (14) (have) a long, deep scar on her cheek. I (15) (ask) to see some watches, our eyes (16) (meet), and she (17) (give) a little cry of amazement. She (18) (stare) at me for a few seconds and then she (19) (say): "Gloria, (20) (you not remember) me?" I (21) (shake) my head and her face (22) (grow) sad, but then she (23) (say) quietly: "No, l (24) (change) a lot, l suppose. I'm Eugenia." I was so embarrassed that l (25) (not know) what to say so l just (26) (put) my arms round her. We (27) (arrange) to meet and then she (28) (tell) me the story of her life. She said that after leaving school, she (29) (go) to America and had married a man she had met there. They (30) (live) together happily for several years until her husband (31) (kill) in a car crash, she (32) (be) injured in the crash and her hair (33) (turn) grey overnight. After that she (34) (return) to London but (35) (have to) take the first job she could find. I (36) (see) her several times since then. I want to do everything I can to help her. it was a terrible shock at first to see how much she (37) (change) but now we (38) (become) close friends again and can be together. Describing and narrai: Articles Gloria gives us a lot of information about herself and Eugenia. Find the paragraph in which she tells us the following and write the correct paragraph number in the space, as in the example. a how she lost contact with Eugenia ..J.... b how she met her again c how she feels about her now d what Eugenia was like at school e what she looked like at school f what she used to do at school g what she does now h what she looks like now i what she was doing in the years between j where Gloria first met her k why Eugenia has changed 7 What do you think is the most important point in the story? Why? How does Gloria emphasise it? Look at the pictures of the man and the woman and work with another member of the class to note down how they have changed physically in the course of thirty years. Write an article with the main narrative tense in the past about the changes you noticed in someone you saw again not long ago but had not seen for a long time. The person may be someone you know or a famous person you saw in real life or on TV (not an actor/actress playing different parts). Follow this plan of four stages (though there may be more than four paragraphs): 1 Introduction, indicating how you first saw the person 2 Description of what they used to look like If you knew them, what they were like; if you write about a famous person, say what impression they gave you. 3 Description of what they looked like when you saw them again, what they were like, or the impression they gave 4 Say how and why you think they had changed, and how you felt about the changes. aking sides Articles Read the question and the article below and complete the exercises that follow. The following comments were made during a public discussion, held at your town hall. The discussion was about the freedom of the press. You have been asked to write an article for the local newspaper responding to the comments and giving your own opinion. They are encouraged to Journalists have a invade peoples privacy by shameless celebrities responsibility to the public \ey snoui î/fou can't who want press to investigate a story and coverage at any cost. ashamedof uncover the real facts - no denij that a aood tfiemsefvesl T'hey matter who they upset. 5 dal ielli have no respect for can newipaperi an individuals privacy! Journalists are fierce in defence of the freedom of the press but KEITH HUNTER asks Whose freedom? Theirs or ours? Every time there is an outcry against the their servants to disclose the secrets of their excesses of the popular press and they are threatened employers' private lives, the editors who send armies with some kind of sanction, usually no more than the of employees with microphones and tape recorders to responsibility to print an apology where no one will the home of anyone, rich or poor, whose relatives notice it, editors and newspaper owners take refuge have died tragically - have a very clear aim in life. For in the sacred concept of 'the freedom of the press' them the freedom of the press is really the freedom to and warn against the evils of censorship. They argue make money out of other people's shame and misery. that it is their duty to invade people's privacy, in Most of us would be reluctant to impose effect to deprive them of their freedom to live their censorship on the press but would like to put a stop to own lives in peace, because it is 'in the public their intrusion into people's private lives. Not long interest.' ago there was a play on TV that suggested a neat No one who believes in democracy and the solution. A Member of Parliament proposed that if a freedom of speech wants newspapers to be silenced if newspaper published an untrue story about someone, they are genuinely engaged in exposing corruption in he would be given the same amount of space in the high places. In the newspapers' defence, it can also be newspaper to write a story about the journalist or argued that many figures in the public eye are editor, true or false. I wonder how they would react if desperate for almost any kind of publicity. Some of similar lies and half-truths about their own private them seem to have no higher aim in life than a vague lives and those of their families were published 'in the desire to feature in magazines, posing for public interest'! photographs or recounting the intimate details of their lives in interviews. Those who create news stories with sensational If you write an article where you are strongly in favour of headlines, however, - the photographers who pursue something or against it, remember that others may have the famous on motor cycles, the journalists who bribe different opinions. It is more effective to mention them and then show they are wrong than not to mention them at all. Taking sides Articles 2 Choose the sentence, a or b, that best describes what the writer is saying in each paragraph. Then read the correct sentences together to summarise the argument. Paragraph 1 a Editors are right to defend the freedom of the press when they are criticised. b Editors use the popular belief in the freedom of the press to justify their invasion of people's privacy. Paragraph 2 a No one wants censorship for political reasons and it is true that many well-known figures seek publicity at all costs. b Newspapers have a duty to expose corruption and have to publish stories about well-known figures if they are required to. Paragraph 3 a So newspapers work hard to find out the facts of the cases they investigate. b But newspapers only investigate stories about people's private lives to make money out of them. Paragraph 4 a Newspapers should be censored if they tell lies. b Newspaper staff should be subjected to the same treatment as their victims if they tell lies. In which paragraphs is the writer following the technique suggested in the tip on the opposite page? 3 The writer tries to influence the reader with his choice of words. Answer the questions below to understand more about this. a Find words or phrases in the first two paragraphs that suggest the following: The press 1 go too far in pursuing news stories. 2 are not really sorry for what they do. 3 are hypocritical in their defence of their actions. 4 upset people's lives. Many well-known people 5 will do anything to be noticed. 6 have no serious aim in life. 7 invite the invasion of their privacy. b What is the effect of substituting these words for those the writer uses: follow (pursue), pay (bribe), information (secrets), numbers (armies), unhappiness (misery)? c Which of these words is obviously an exaggeration but effective because it also implies aggression?