ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page I New Dictionary of Scientific Biography ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page II Published by special arrangement with the American Council of Learned Societies The American Council of Learned Societies, organized in 1919 for the purpose of advancing the study of the humanities and of the humanistic aspects of the social sciences, is a nonprofit federation comprising thirty-three national scholarly groups. The Council represents the humanities in the United States in the International Union of Academies, provides fellowships and grants-in-aid, supports research-and-planning conferences and symposia, and sponsers special projects and scholarly publications. MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS American Philosophical Society, 1743 Society of Architectural Historians, 1940 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1780 Association for Asian Studies, 1941 American Antiquarian Society, 1812 American Society for Aesthetics, 1942 American Oriental Society, 1842 American Association for the Advancement of American Numismatic Society, 1858 Slavic Studies, 1948 American Philological Association, 1869 American Studies Association, 1950 Archaeological Institute of America, 1879 Metaphysical Society of America, 1950 Society of Biblical Literature, 1880 North American Conference on British Studies, Modern Language Association of America, 1883 1950 American Historical Association, 1884 American Society of Comparative Law, 1951 American Economic Association, 1885 Renaissance Society of America, 1954 American Folklore Society, 1888 Society for Ethnomusicology, 1955 American Society of Church History, 1888 Society for French Historical Studies, 1956 American Dialect Society, 1889 International Center of Medieval Art, 1956 American Psychological Association, 1892 American Society for Legal History, 1956 Association of American Law Schools, 1900 American Philosophical Association, 1900 American Society for Theatre Research, 1956 American Schools of Oriental Research, 1900 African Studies Association, 1957 American Anthropological Association, 1902 Society for the History of Technology, 1958 American Political Science Association, 1903 Society for Cinema and Media Studies, 1959 Bibliographical Society of America, 1904 American Comparative Literature Association, Association of American Geographers, 1904 1960 Hispanic Society of America, 1904 Law and Society Association, 1964 American Sociological Association, 1905 Middle East Studies Association of North America, American Society of International Law, 1906 1966 Organization of American Historians, 1907 Latin American Studies Association, 1966 American Academy of Religion, 1909 Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, College Forum of the National Council of Teachers 1968 of English, 1911 American Society for Eighteenth Century Studies, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian 1969 Study, 1911 Association for Jewish Studies, 1969 College Art Association, 1912 Sixteenth Century Society and Conference, 1970 National Communication Association, 1914 Society for American Music, 1975 History of Science Society, 1924 Dictionary Society of North America, 1975 Linguistic Society of America, 1924 Medieval Academy of America, 1925 German Studies Association, 1976 American Association for the History of Medicine, American Society for Environmental History, 1976 1925 Society for Music Theory, 1977 American Musicological Society, 1934 National Council on Public History, 1979 Economic History Association, 1940 Society of Dance History Scholars, 1979 ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page III New Dictionary of Scientific Biography VOLUME 8 INDEX Noretta Koertge EDITOR IN CHIEF ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page IV New Dictionary of Scientific Biography Noretta Koertge © 2008 Gale Group For permission to use material from the prod- While every effort has been made to secure uct, submit your request via the Web at permission to reprint material and to ensure Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you the reliability of the information presented in Gale is a registered trademark used herein may download our Permissions Request form this publication, Gale Group neither guaran- under license. and submit your request by fax or mail to: tees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibility for errors, For more information, contact: Permissions Department omissions, or discrepancies. 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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA New dictionary of scientific biography / Noretta Koertge, editor in chief. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-684-31320-7 (set : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31321-4 (vol. 1 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31322-1 (vol. 2 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31323-8 (vol. 3 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31324-5 (vol. 4 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31325-2 (vol. 5 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31326-9 (vol. 6 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31327-6 (vol. 7 : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-684-31328-3 (vol. 8 : alk. paper) 1. Scientists—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Koertge, Noretta. Q141.N45 2008 509.2'2—dc22 [B] 2007031384 ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page V Editorial Board EDITOR IN CHIEF Noretta Koertge Indiana University, Department of History and Philosophy of Science ADVISORY COMMITTEE William Bechtel James Capshew David L. Hull Jane Maienschein John Norton Eric R. Scerri Brian Skyrms Michael M. Sokal Spencer Weart SUBJECT EDITORS William Bechtel James H. Capshew Matthew Goodrum University of California, San Diego, Indiana University at Bloomington, Virginia Tech, Department of Science Department of Philosophy and Department of History and and Technology in Society Science Studies Program Philosophy of Science PALEOANTHROPOLOGY LIFE SCIENCES PSYCHOLOGY Jeremy Gray Stephen Bocking Steven J. Dick The Open University, United Trent University, Ontario, Environmental and Resource Studies National Aeronautics and Space Kingdom, Department of Mathematics Program Administration MATHEMATICS AND LOGIC ECOLOGY SPACE SCIENCE Valerie Gray Hardcastle James Fleming Theodore Brown University of Cincinnati, McMicken Colby College, Science, Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana- College of Arts and Sciences and Society Program Champaign, Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute METEOROLOGY, HYDROLOGY, COGNITIVE AND CHEMISTRY OCEANOGRAPHY NEUROSCIENCE Lillian Hoddeson Richard Burkhardt Gregory A. Good University of Illinois at Urbana- West Virginia University, Department University of Illiniois at Urbana- Champaign, Department of History of History Champaign, Department of History ANIMAL BEHAVIOR GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS PHYSICS ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page VI Editorial Board Ernst Homburg Jane Maienschein Robert Smith Universiteit Maastricht, The Arizona State University, School of University of Alberta, Department of Netherlands, Department of History Life Sciences, Center for Biology and History and Classics CHEMISTRY Society ASTRONOMY AND LIFE SCIENCES David L. Hull ASTROPHYSICS Northwestern University, Department Elizabeth Paris of Philosophy Independent Scholar Stephen Weininger LIFE SCIENCES PHYSICS Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Helge Kragh Carsten Reinhardt Department of Chemistry and University of Aarhus, Denmark, Steno University of Bielefeld, Germany, Biochemistry Department for Studies of Science and Institute for Science and Technology CHEMISTRY Science Education Studies COSMOLOGY CHEMISTRY Paul Weirich Michael S. Mahoney John Rigden University of Missouri-Columbia, Princeton University, Department of Washington University in St. Louis, Computer Science Department of Physics Department of Philosophy COMPUTER SCIENCE PHYSICS DECISION AND GAME THEORY CONSULTING EDITORS Garland E. Allen Alexander Jones Lynn Nyhart Washington University, St. Louis, University of Toronto, Department of University of Wisconsin at Madison, Department of Biology Classics Department of the History of Science Domenico Bertoloni Meli William Newman Juergen Renn Indiana University, Center for the Indiana University, Department of Max Planck Institute for the History History of Medicine History and Philosophy of Science of Science, Berlin Craig Fraser Vivian Nutton University of Toronto, Institute for the University College London, Wellcome Johannes M. M. H. Thijssen History and Philosophy of Science and Trust Centre for the History of Radboud University Nijmegen, Technology Medicine Faculty of Philosophy ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR IN CHIEF Anne Mylott Indiana University, Department of History and Philosophy of Science VI NEW DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC BIOGRAPHY ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page VII Editorial and Production Staff PROJECT EDITOR Sarah O’Mahen INDEXER Angela M. Pilchak Anne Mylott Factiva, Inc. Linda Sanders CONTRIBUTING PROJECT EDITORS RIGHTS ACQUISITION AND PROOFREADERS MANAGEMENT Kristin Mallegg Margaret Mazurkiewicz Melodie Monahan Scott Bragg Bridget Travers Amy L. Unterberger Jackie Jones Sue Rudolph EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS TRANSLATORS Dana Chidiac Erwin Fink TYPESETTER Emily Gruber Louis Kibler Datapage Technologies International, George Kolodziej Inc. EDITORIAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT Donald Nicholson Mark Droulliard Alan Thwaits COMPOSITION Marc Faerber Evi Seoud PRODUCT DESIGN Mark Springer Mary Beth Trimper Mike Weaver Pamela A. E. Galbreath Linda Hubbard MANUFACTURING MANUSCRIPT EDITORS IMAGING Dorothy Maki Rhonda K. Baird Dorothy Bauhoff Dean Dauphinais PUBLISHER Sylvia J. Cannizzaro Lezlie Light Sylvia Engdahl Kelly Quin Jay Flynn Christine Kelley John Krol GRAPHIC ART EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Michael L. Levine GGS Information Services, York, PA John Fitzpatrick VII ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page IX Table of Contents Contributors XI List of Scientists by Field XXXVII List of Nobel Prize Winners LIII List of Articles LV Index 1 ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page XI List of Contributors W. Abikoff HERO OF ALEXANDRIA Marianne Gosztonyi Ainley University of Connecticut, HYPATIA University of Northern British Department of Mathematics Columbia, University of Victoria Peter Achinstein Professor Adjunct Professor LIPMAN BERS Johns Hopkins University, CATHARINE PARR TRAILL Department of Philosophy Pnina G. Abir-Am Professor Kenneth Aizawa Brandeis University, Women’s Studies JOHN STUART MILL Centenary College of Louisiana Research Center and the Hadassah- Professor Brandeis Institute Pascal Acot KORBINIAN BRODMANN Senior Research Fellow Centre National de la Recherche WARREN STURGIS ERWIN CHARGAFF Scientifique, University of Paris 1 MCCULLOCH DOROTHY MOYLE NEEDHAM Researcher, Professor JOSEPH NEEDHAM JOSIAS BRAUN-BLANQUET Atsushi Akera Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Charles I. Abramson Walter Wade Adams Department of Science and Oklahoma State University, Rice University, Richard E. Smalley Technology Studies Laboratory of Comparative Psychology Institute for Nanoscale Science and Assistant Professor and Behavioral Biology, Departments of Psychology and Zoology Technology JOHN WILLIAM MAUCHLY Director Professor RICHARD ERRETT SMALLEY Douglas Allchin CHARLES HENRY TURNER University of Minnesota, Program in George Adelman Helmut A. Abt the History of Science, Technology Kitt Peak National Observatory Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Medicine Astronomer Emeritus Department of Brain and Cognitive ALBERT LESTER LEHNINGER LUDWIG FRANZ BENEDIKT Sciences ALEX BENJAMIN NOVIKOFF BIERMANN Research Affiliate EFRAIM RACKER FRANCIS OTTO SCHMITT ALBERT IMRE SZENT-GYÖRGYI Fabio Acerbi Centre National de la Recherche Duncan Carr Agnew Garland E. Allen Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8163 University of California San Diego, Washington University, St. Louis, Savoirs, textes, langage Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department of Biology Researcher Professor Professor APOLLONIUS OF PERGA VICTOR HUGO BENIOFF HAMPTON LAWRENCE ARCHIMEDES HENRY WILLIAM MENARD CARSON DAMIANUS OF LARISSA CHARLES FRANCIS RICHTER VIKTOR HAMBURGER XI ndsb_fmv8 11/15/07 5:05 PM Page XII List of Contributors David K. Allison Efstathios Arapostathis Professor Smithsonian National Museum of Independent Scholar EMMANUEL-BERNARDIN LIAIS American History, Division of VERNER EDWARD SUOMI Information Technology and John Barnett Communications Mitchell Ash University of Oxford, Department of Chair and Curator University of Vienna, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary J. (JOHN ADAM) PRESPER History Sciences, Clarendon Laboratory ECKERT, JR. Professor Senior Academic Staff KURT LEWIN GORDON MILLER BOURNE Ralph D. Amado DOBSON University of Pennsylvania, Oliver Ashford Department of Physics World Meteorological Organisation James R. Bartholomew Professor Emeritus Emeritus, Jehuda Neumann Memorial Ohio State University, Department of HENRY PRIMAKOFF Prize winner History LEWIS FRY RICHARDSON Kevin Amidon Professor Iowa State University, Department of Robert Auerbach KEN-ICHI FUKUI World Languages and Cultures University of Wisconsin, Madison, Ofer Bar-Yosef Assistant Professor Department of Zoology and Institute Harvard University, Department of (LEOPOLD FRANZ) EUGEN on Aging FISCHER Professor Emeritus Anthropology Professor CLIFFORD GROBSTEIN Kirsti Andersen DOROTHY ANNIE ELIZABETH University of Aarhus, Steno Massimiliano Badino GARROD Department for Studies of Science and Max Planck Institute for the History Science Education Hyman Bass of Science Associate Professor University of Michigan, Department Post-Doctoral Research Fellow GUIDOBALDO, MARCHESE DEL LUDWIG EDUARD BOLTZMANN of Mathematics and School of MONTE Education PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA Roland Baetens Professor Warwick Anderson University of Antwerp, Belgium SAMUEL EILENBERG Professor Emeritus University of Wisconsin-Madison; PAUL ADRIAAN JAN JANSSEN Giovanni Battimelli University of Sydney Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento Professor; Chair Victor R. Baker di Fisica RENÉ JULES DUBOS University of Arizona, Department of Associate Professor Aitor Anduaga Hydrology and Water Resources EDOARDO AMALDI Independent Scholar Professor VICENTE INGLADA RALPH ALGER BAGNOLD Elena Zaitseva J. HARLAN BRETZ Moscow State University, Chemistry Peder Anker Department Ugo Baldini University of Oslo, Forum for Senior Researcher University History, Department of University of Padua, Faculty of Archaeology, Conservation and Political Sciences, Department of GEORGI5KONSTANTINOVICH BORESKOV Historical Studies Historical and Political Studies GEORGI5NIKOLAEVICH Researcher Professor FLEROV JAN CHRISTIAN SMUTS GIOVANNI ALFONSO BORELLI NIKOLA5NIKOLAEVICH Henryk Anzulewicz John Bancroft SEMENOV Albertus-Magnus-Institut, Bonn, The Kinsey Institute for Research in NIKOLAY DMITRIEVICH Germany Sex, Gender and Reproduction ZELINSKI5 Editor and scholarly collaborator Senior Research Fellow, previously Betty M. Bayer SAINT ALBETUS MAGNUS Director Hobart and William Smith Colleges, ALFRED CHARLES KINSEY Adam Jared Apt Department of Women’s Studies, The Independent Scholar Christina Helena Barboza Fisher Center for the Study of Women Manager, Peabody River Asset Museum of Astronomy and Related and Men Management LLC Sciences, Department of History of Associate Professor, Director JOHN GREAVES Science, Rio de Janeiro LEON FESTINGER XII NEW DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC BIOGRAPHY