90 NotesonNumericalFluidMechanicsandMultidisciplinaryDesign(NNFM) Editors E.H.Hirschel/München K.Fujii/Kanagawa W.Haase/München B.vanLeer/AnnArbor M.A.Leschziner/London M.Pandolfi/Torino J.Periaux/Paris A.Rizzi/Stockholm B.Roux/Marseille Y.I.Shokin/Novosibirsk New Developments in Computational Fluid Dynamics Proceedings of the Sixth International Nobeyama Workshop on the New Century of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Nobeyama, Japan, April 21 to 24, 2003 Kozo Fujii Kazuhiro Nakahashi Shigeru Obayashi Satoko Komurasaki (Editors) ABC ProfessorDr.KozoFujii ProfessorDr.ShigeruObayashi InstituteofSpaceandAstronautical InstituteofFluidScience Science(ISAS) TohokuUniversity Yoshinodai,Sagamihara Katahira2-1-1,980Sendai 3-1-1,229-8510Kanagawa Japan Japan ProfessorDr.KazuhiroNakahashi ProfessorDr.SatokoKomurasaki DepartmentofAeronautics/ CollegeofScience&Technology SpaceEngineering DepartmentofMathematics TohokuUniversity NihonUniversity Katahira1-1-2,980-8577Sendai Kanda-Surugadai1-8 Japan 101-0062Tokyo Japan LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005930441 ISBN-10 3-540-27407-3SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-27407-0SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. 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Typesetting:bytheauthorsandTechBooksusingaSpringerLATEXmacropackage Coverdesign:design&productionGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11520276 89/TechBooks 543210 NNFM Editor Addresses Prof.Dr.ErnstHeinrichHirschel Prof.Dr.MaurizioPandolfi (Generaleditor) PolitecnicodiTorino Herzog-Heinrich-Weg6 DipartimentodiIngegneria D-85604Zorneding AeronauticaeSpaziale Germany CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi,24 E-mail:[email protected] I-10129Torino Italy E-mail:pandolfi@polito.it Prof.Dr.KozoFujii SpaceTransportationResearchDivision Prof.Dr.JacquesPeriaux TheInstituteofSpace DassaultAviation andAstronauticalScience 78,QuaiMarcelDassault 3-1-1,Yoshinodai,Sagamihara, F-92552St.CloudCedex Kanagawa,229-8510 France Japan E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:fujii@flab.eng.isas.jaxa.jp Prof.Dr.ArthurRizzi DepartmentofAeronautics Dr.WernerHaase KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology HöhenkirchenerStr.19d Teknikringen8 D-85662Hohenbrunn S-10044Stockholm Germany Sweden E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Dr.BernardRoux Prof.Dr.BramvanLeer L3M–IMTLaJetée DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering TechnopoledeChateau-Gombert TheUniversityofMichigan F-13451MarseilleCedex20 AnnArbor,MI48109-2140 France USA E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Prof.Dr.YuriiI.Shokin SiberianBranchofthe Prof.Dr.MichaelA.Leschziner RussianAcademyofSciences ImperialCollegeofScience, InstituteofComputational TechnologyandMedicine Technologies AeronauticsDepartment Ac.LavrentyevaAve.6 PrinceConsortRoad 630090Novosibirsk LondonSW72BY Russia U.K. E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] Preface Itisajoyfulandfittingmomentthatwe,thefriends,colleaguesandsupport- ers of Prof. Kunio Kuwahara, dedicate this Workshop to Prof. Kuwahara. We gathered in late April of 2003 in the tranquility of Nobeyama mountain resorttocommemoratethe60thbirthdayofProf.Kuwaharawhichhadfallen in November, 2002. IntheculturalbackdropofEastAsia,the60thbirthdaycarriesadditional significance. Looking back on the occasion of Kan-re-ki (the 60th birthday), a man is supposed to have accomplished something of meaningfulness and value.Withtheseundertones,itwillbeausefulexercisetorecountthesplen- did accomplishments of Prof. Kuwahara. The major professional achievements of Prof. Kuwahara may be com- pressed into two main categories. First and foremost, Prof. Kuwahara will longberecordedasthefront-linepioneerinusingnumericalcomputationsto tackle complex problems in fluid mechanics. His unquenching zeal in compu- tation and utilization of computers is unmatched throughout the globe. His infatuation with the Supercomputers of 1980’s and 1990’s is now a legend in the fluid dynamics communities. He continues to stand tall on the leading edge of computational fluid mechanics research and industrial applications. Inshort,Prof.Kuwaharahasfilledinachapterinthehistoryofmodernfluid dynamics research. Another important contribution of Prof. Kuwahara has been made in the training and fostering of talented manpower of computational mechanics research.Theearly-timemembersofProf.Kuwahara’sprivateresearchinsti- tuteinTokyoweremoreofrecipientsofnon-profitresearchfellowshipsrather than employees of a commercial establishment. These then-young technical staff of Prof. Kuwahara grew up to dominate the computational sectors of industries and research circles of Japan. Prof. Kuwahara has had the vision and energy to nurture the next-generation developers and practitioners of computational fluid dynamics. We have no doubt that Prof. Kuwahara will exert ceaseless effort and enthusiasm to uplift the status of computational fluid dynamics to the next stratum. We expect to see Prof. Kuwahara in good health and high spirit in theyearstocome.Ahappyandprosperous60thbirthdayofProf.Kuwahara. Prof. Jae Min Hyun, Friends of Prof. Kuwahara VIII Biography Kunio Kuwahara Prof. Kunio Kuwahara was born on November 30, 1942 in Tokyo, Japan. He received his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of Tokyo,majoringinphysics.In1975,heobtainedadoctor’sdegreeofScience from the University of Tokyo. He started his academic career in 1970 as Assistant Professor in the De- partment of Applied Physics at the University of Tokyo. After one year at the NASA Ames Research Center as a NRC Senior Research Associate, he joined the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in 1981. Prof. Kuwahara has made significant and seminal contributions to the computationalfluiddynamicssincetheinfancyofthefield.Hepioneeredthe vortex method in his doctor’s thesis. This simple, but physically insightful approach, has been continuously improved by many researchers since then. From seventies to eighties, he and co-workers developed the basic numerical methods for solving the equations of incompressible and compressible fluid flows.Thealgorithmshavebeenusedforsimulationsofthethree-dimensional, unsteadyflowsdominatedbydynamicvortices.Thesesuccessesopenedanew frontier in CFD for both flow physics and flow engineering. Prof.Kuwahara’scontributionstoCFDhavebeenrecognizedbyanumber of major awards. He received the Awards from the Japan Society of Auto- mobile Engineers and the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1992, the Computational Mechanics Achievement Award from the Japan Society Biography IX of Mechanical Engineers in 1993. He also received the Max Planck Research Award in 1993. The editors are pleased to bring together the researchers who have con- tributed to this volume to express our thanks to Prof. Kuwahara. We wish Prof. Kuwahara continued success for many years to come. Kozo Fujii Kazuhiro Nakahashi Shigeru Obayashi Satoko Komurasaki Contributions of Kunio Kuwahara to Computational Fluid Dynamics K.KuwaharaandI.Imai,“Steady,ViscousFlowwithinaCircularBoundary”,The Physics of Fluids Supplement, Vol.12, 1969. K.KuwaharaandH.Takami,“NumericalStudiesofTwo-DimensionalVortexMo- tion by a System of Point Vortices”, Journal of The Physical Society of Japan, Vol.34, No.1, 1973. K.Kuwahara,“NumericalStudyofFlowpastanInclinedFlatPlatebyanInviscid Model”, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol.34, No.1, 1973. H.TakamiandK.Kuwahara,“NumericalStudyofThree-DimensionalFlowwithin a Cubic Cavity”, Journal of Physical Society of Japan, Vol.37, No.6, 1974. K. Kuwahara, “Study of Flow past a Circular Cylinder by an Inviscid Model”, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol.45, No.1, 1978. K. Kuwahara and Y. Oshima, “Thermal Convection Caused by Ring-Type Heat Source”,JournalofPhysicalSocietyofJapan,Vol.51,No.11,pp3711-3719,1982. S. Obayashi and K. Kuwahara, “An Approximate LU Factorization Method for theCompressibleNavier-StokesEquations”,JournalofComputationalPhysics, Vol.63, No.1, pp157-167, 1986. T. Kawamura, H. Takami and K. Kuwahara, “Computation of High-Reynolds- Number Flow around a Circular Cylinder with Surface Roughness”, Fluid Dy- namics Research, pp145-162, 1986. Y. Shida, K. Kuwahara, K. Ono and H. Takami, “Computation of Dynamic Stall of a NACA-0012 Airfoil”, AIAA Journal, Vol.25, No.3, 1987. K. Naitoh and K. Kuwahara, “Large Eddy Simulation and Direct Simulation of Compressible Turbulence and Combusting Flows in Engines Based on the BI- SCALES Method”, Fluid Dynamics Research, Vol.10, pp299-325, 1992. H. Suito, K. Ishii and K. Kuwahara, “Simulation of Dynamic Stall by Multi- Directional Finite-Difference Method”, AIAA Paper 95-2264, 1995. K. Kuwahara, “Unsteady Flow Simulation and Its Visualization”, AIAA Paper 99-3405 (Invited), 1999. K. Kuwahara and S. Komurasaki, “Semi-Direct Simulation of a Flow Around a Subsonic Airfoil”, AIAA Paper 2000-2656, 2000. K.KuwaharaandS.Komurasaki,“DirectSimulationofaFlowaroundaSubsonic Airfoil”, AIAA Paper 2001-2545, 2001. K. Kuwahara and S. Komurasaki, “Simulation of High Reynolds Number Flows Using Multidirectional Upwind Scheme”, AIAA Paper 2002-0133, 2002. A.Bethancourt,K.KuwaharaandS.Komurasaki,“GridGenerationandUnsteady Flow Simulation around Bluff Bodies”, AIAA Paper 2003-1129, 2003. J.OoidaandK.Kuwahara,“ImplicitLESofTurbulenceGeneratedbyaLattice”, AIAA Paper 2003-4097, 2003. S. Komurasaki and K. Kuwahara, “Implicit Large Eddy Simulation of a Subsonic Flow around NACA0012 Airfoil” AIAA Paper 2004-594, 2004. Table of Contents A Multidomain Spectral Collocation Method for Computational Electromagnetics with Application to Optical Waveguides .......... 1 C.C. Huang and J.Y. Yang 1 Introduction................................................ 1 2 Formulations of Wave Equations .............................. 2 3 Numerical Techniques ....................................... 3 3.1 Multidomain Spectral Collocation Method................. 3 3.2 Interfacial Boundary Conditions.......................... 4 3.3 Cardinal Basis Functions ................................ 4 4 Determination of Scaling Factor .............................. 5 5 Numerical Results and Disscussion ............................ 5 5.1 Fundamental Mode of Symmetric Three-Layer Step-Index Waveguides............................................ 5 5.2 Asymmetric Planar Waveguide with Exponential RIP....... 6 5.3 Semiconductor Rib Waveguide ........................... 7 6 Conclusion ................................................. 9 Thermonuclear Supernovae: Combining Astrophysical and Terrestrial Combustion ......................................... 11 E. S. Oran 1 Introduction................................................ 11 2 Thermonuclear Supernovae................................... 12 3 Transition from a Deflagration to a Detonation ................. 15 4 Conclusions to Date......................................... 19 Hypersonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Interaction ..................... 23 J. S. Shang 1 Introduction................................................ 23 2 Experimental Facility........................................ 24 3 Numerical Simulations....................................... 24 4 Non-Equilibrium Phenomenon ................................ 27 5 Electromagnetic Effects...................................... 31 6 Conclusions ................................................ 31 Some Remarks on the CFD Research for Space Transportation System Development ........................................... 34 K. Fujii 1 Introduction................................................ 34 1.1 RLV Aerodynamics – CFD Capability for the Estimation of RLV Aerodynamics- .................................. 36 XII Table of Contents 1.2 Supersonic Base Flows -Finding a New Efficient Tools- ...... 40 2 Conclusions ................................................ 44 Development of Implicit Large Eddy Simulation ................... 47 K. Kuwahara, S. Komurasaki, J. Ooida, A. Betancourt 1 Introduction................................................ 47 2 Computational Method ...................................... 48 3 Computational Results ...................................... 52 3.1 Rearrangement of Karman Vortex Street .................. 52 3.2 Transition to Turbulence ................................ 53 3.3 Turbulence Generated by a Lattice ....................... 54 3.4 Circular Cylinder....................................... 55 3.5 Subsonic Flow Around an Airfoil ......................... 55 3.6 Simulation with Using a Body-Fitted Grid................. 57 DNA Computing Based on Actual Biological Sequences and Accurate Reaction Control ...................................... 60 K. Naitoh 1 Introduction................................................ 60 2 DNA Computing as Nano-Computing ......................... 61 3 DNA Computing Using Actual Living Organisms ............... 61 3.1 Problem Solved in this Session ........................... 61 3.2 Encoding Based on the Segments of Biological DNA Cut by Restriction Enzymes ................................. 61 3.3 Library of the Candidates Obtained with Ligation Reactions and Analysis of the Electrophoresis Photographs .. 62 4 Strategy for Controlling Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ...................................... 64 4.1 PCR.................................................. 64 4.2 Control of PCR for DNA Computing ..................... 64 5 Conclusion ................................................. 66 From One-Month CFD to One-Day CFD – Efforts for Reducing Time and Cost of CFD – ....................................... 68 K. Nakahashi, T. Fujita and Y. Ito 1 Introduction................................................ 68 2 Mesh Generation............................................ 69 2.1 Mesh Generation Procedure ............................. 69 2.2 Surface Mesh Generation................................ 69 3 Parallel Flow Solver ......................................... 72 3.1 Basic Flow Solver ...................................... 72 3.2 Parallel Flow Solver .................................... 73 4 Numerical Examples ........................................ 74 4.1 JAXA Supersonic Airplane in Ascending Flight ............ 74 4.2 Flow around a Hornet .................................. 77