Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 17 Klaus A. Miczek Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg E ditors Neuroscience of Aggression Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences Volume 17 Series editors Mark A. Geyer, La Jolla, CA, USA Bart A. Ellenbroek, Wellington, New Zealand Charles A. Marsden, Nottingham, UK About this Series Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences provides critical and comprehensive discussions of the most significant areas of behavioral neuroscience research, written byleadinginternational authorities. Eachvolumeoffers aninformative and contemporaryaccountofitssubject,makingitanunrivalledreferencesource.Titles in this series are available in both print and electronic formats. With the development of new methodologies for brain imaging, genetic and genomic analyses, molecular engineering of mutant animals, novel routes for drug delivery,andsophisticatedcross-speciesbehavioralassessments,itisnowpossible tostudybehaviorrelevanttopsychiatricandneurologicaldiseasesanddisorderson the physiological level. The Behavioral Neurosciences series focuses on “transla- tionalmedicine”andcutting-edgetechnologies.Preclinicalandclinicaltrialsforthe development of new diagnostics and therapeutics as well as prevention efforts are covered whenever possible. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7854 Klaus A. Miczek Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg (cid:129) Editors Neuroscience of Aggression 123 Editors Klaus A.Miczek Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg MosesHuntProfessor of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry Psychiatry,Pharmacology andPsychotherapy andNeuroscience Central InstituteofMental Health TuftsUniversity Mannheim Medford, MA Germany USA ISSN 1866-3370 ISSN 1866-3389 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-662-44280-7 ISBN 978-3-662-44281-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44281-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014949316 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Despite its relevance to science as well as society, aggression remains an understudied topic in the basic neurosciences and in the psychopharmacological managementandtreatmentofpatients.Thepresentvolumeisintendedtoappealto both clinical practitioners and preclinical researchers who seek to enhance their understanding of basic molecular and cellular processes, neural circuitry, and behavioral mechanisms that are critical for the motivation and expression of aggressive behavior. The current contributions advance our insights into neuro- biological mechanisms and begin to identify genes and gene networks which—in interaction with environmental triggers—render aggressive behavior more or less likely to occur. It is evident that the current research proceeds in a more rational, mechanistic way relative to its serendipitous beginnings. For example, long before thesitesandmechanismsofactionoflithiumorbenzodiazepineswereunderstood, it was discovered that they calm agitated and aggressive individuals (Cade 1949; Randall et al. 1960). From a psychiatric perspective, research on aggression has been impeded by inadequate recognition of these behavioral domains in consecutive versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, discouraging the development of compounds and interventions with specific anti-aggressive effects. One cardinal criterion for novel medications in this area should be their degree of specificity for reducing aggressive behavior relative to undesirable adverse effect profiles. Quantitative ethologicalmethodsenablethecomparisonofreducingaggressiveactswitheffects on other elements in the behavioral repertoire to learn about the behavioral speci- ficity of novel compounds. A fundamental challenge in aggression research is the distinction of the neurobiological mechanisms mediating escalated pathological aggressive behavior relative to those for species-typical patterns of behavior that are necessary for the survivaloftheorganism(Miczeketal.2013).Inhumans,ofcourse,thisdistinction is further compounded by legal, ethical, and societal restriction on aggression no matter the biological concomitants. The neural circuits of different kinds of mam- malian aggression have begun to be delineated by immunohistochemistry of immediate-earlygeneexpression,intracranialmicroinjection,invivomicrodialysis, v vi Preface optogenetics techniques in experimental animals, and high resolution functional imaging techniques. It is now feasible to conceptualize neurocircuits for different kinds ofaggressive behaviortoencompass nuclei inthemesencephalonprojecting to hypothalamic, amygdaloid, septal, and hippocampal sub-nuclei, loops between striatumandthalamuswithfrontalandprefrontalstructuresandimportantfeedback to limbic and mesencephalic nuclei (chapters by Kruk; Gobrogge; Bedrosian and Nelson; Barr and Driscoll; Takahashi and Miczek; Haller; Morrison and Melloni; de Almeida et al.). Identifying not only the neural structures and projections, but also the precise molecular processes within these critical cell groups that mediate escalated aggressive behavior remains an urgent task. A most instructive example is our emerging understanding of the role of sero- tonin, the most intensively investigated neurotransmitter system that has been linked to aggression. It is evident that the classic serotonin deficiency hypothesis that associates defects in synthesis, release, receptor activation, or metabolism to a heightened propensity to engage in aggressive behavior has been replaced with a framework that incorporates a much more nuanced set of modulatory and regula- tory mechanisms. The current contributions (Barr and Driscoll; Takahashi and Miczek; Morrison and Melloni; Bedrosian and Nelson; Gobrogge; Beck et al.; Buckholtz et al.) illustrate how serotonergic activity is modulated by a cascade of directandindirectsystemsthatrangefromnitricoxidesynthase,neuropeptidesand neurosteroids to excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and thereby reduce or intensify aggressive behavior. We invite you to be inspired by the current contributions which we hope will renewinterestintheneurobiologyofaggressivebehaviorandreactivatethislargely neglected area of research. References CadeJFJ(1949)Lithiumsaltinthetreatmentofpsychoticexcitement.MedJAust2:349–352 Miczek KA, de Boer SF, Haller J (2013) Excessive aggression as model of violence: a critical evaluationofcurrentpreclinicalmethods.Psychopharmacology226:445-458 Randall LO, Schallek W, Heise FA et al (1960) The psychosedative properties of methamino- diazepoxide.JPharmacolExpTher129:163–171 Medford Klaus A. Miczek Mannheim Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg Contents Part I Preclinical Research Neurogenetics of Aggressive Behavior: Studies in Rodents. . . . . . . . . . 3 Aki Takahashi and Klaus A. Miczek Neurogenetics of Aggressive Behavior: Studies in Primates . . . . . . . . . 45 Christina S. Barr and Carlos Driscoll The Glucocorticoid/Aggression Relationship in Animals and Humans: An Analysis Sensitive to Behavioral Characteristics, Glucocorticoid Secretion Patterns, and Neural Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 József Haller Sensory, Hormonal, and Neural Basis of Maternal Aggression in Rodents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Rosa Maria Martins de Almeida, Annabel Ferreira and Daniella Agrati Nitric Oxide and Serotonin Interactions in Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Tracy A. Bedrosian and Randy J. Nelson Hypothalamic Attack: A Wonderful Artifact or a Useful Perspective on Escalation and Pathology in Aggression? A Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Menno R. Kruk The Role of Serotonin, Vasopressin, and Serotonin/Vasopressin Interactions in Aggressive Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Thomas R. Morrison and Richard H. Melloni Jr. vii viii Contents Sex, Drugs, and Violence: Neuromodulation of Attachment and Conflict in Voles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Kyle L. Gobrogge Part II Clinical Research Gene–Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Human Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Manfred Laucht, Daniel Brandeis and Katrin Zohsel NeurobiologicalMechanismsforImpulsive-Aggression:TheRole of MAOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Hayley M. Dorfman, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg and Joshua W. Buckholtz Early Development of Physical Aggression and Early Risk Factors for Chronic Physical Aggression in Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Richard E. Tremblay Violence Among People with Schizophrenia: Phenotypes and Neurobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Sheilagh Hodgins, Magdalena J. Piatosa and Boris Schiffer Psychopathy and Aggression: When Paralimbic Dysfunction Leads to Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Nathaniel E. Anderson and Kent A. Kiehl Antisocial and Callous Behaviour in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Essi Viding, Ana Seara-Cardoso and Eamon J. McCrory Aggression in Children and Adolescents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Arlette Buchmann, Sarah Hohmann, Daniel Brandeis, Tobias Banaschewski and Luise Poustka Translational Clinical Neuroscience Perspectives on the Cognitive and Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol-Related Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Anne Beck, Adrienne J. Heinz and Andreas Heinz Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Part I Preclinical Research