Table Of Content

Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia Daniel Thomas Ginat Juan E. Small Pamela Whitney Schaefer Editors Second Edition 123 Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia Daniel Thomas Ginat Juan E. Small ∙ Pamela Whitney Schaefer Editors Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia Second Edition Editors Daniel Thomas Ginat Juan E. Small Department of Radiology Diagnostic Radiology University of Chicago Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA Burlington, MA, USA Pamela Whitney Schaefer Department of Neuroradiology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ISBN 978-3-031-08773-8 ISBN 978-3-031-08774-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08774-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I Drugs and Alcohol 1 Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Michael C. Veronesi and Daniel Thomas Ginat 2 Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Michael C. Veronesi and Daniel Thomas Ginat 3 Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Allan Lee, Dee Nandurkar, and Ronil V. Chandra 4 Cannabis (Marijuana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Eileen C. Ang, Stephen L. Stuckey, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Ronil V. Chandra 5 Synthetic Cannabinoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Peter H. Lee, Juan E. Small, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 6 Crack and Cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Rania Hito and Daniel Thomas Ginat 7 Amphetamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Ronil V. Chandra, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 8 Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Daniel Thomas Ginat 9 Betel Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Grayson W. Hooper, Timothy Biega, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 10 Licorice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Juan E. Small and Daniel Thomas Ginat 11 Centella asiatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Janu Pirakalathanan, Stephen L. Stuckey, and Ronil V. Chandra Part II Contrast Agents 12 Iodinated Contrast Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Harut Haroyan and Daniel Thomas Ginat v vi Contents 13 Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Harut Haroyan and Daniel Thomas Ginat 14 Ferumoxytol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Timothy J. Kaufmann and Daniel Thomas Ginat 15 Pantopaque (Myodil, Iodophenylundecylic Acid) . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Daniel Thomas Ginat 16 Thorium Dioxide (Thorotrast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part III Chemotherapy 17 Temozolamide (Temodar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 William A. Mehan and Daniel Thomas Ginat 18 1,3-Bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea (BCNU; Carmustine) Polymer Wafer (Gliadel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Daniel Thomas Ginat 19 Methotrexate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Daniel Thomas Ginat 20 5-Fluorouracil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Daniel Thomas Ginat 21 l-Asparaginase (Elspar/Erwinase) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Rania Hito and Ronil V. Chandra 22 Calcineurin Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Santosh Shah and Daniel Thomas Ginat 23 Bromocriptine (Parlodel) and Cabergoline (Dostinex) . . . . . . . . 185 Daniel Thomas Ginat 24 HiDAC (High-Dose Ara-C; Cytarabine; Cytosine Arabinoside; Cytosar-U; Depocyt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part IV Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy 25 Ipilimumab (MDX-010, Yervoy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Gul Moonis 26 Bevacizumab (Avastin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Daniel Thomas Ginat and William A. Mehan 27 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy (Tisagenlecleucel and Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Daniel Thomas Ginat Contents vii Part V A ntibiotics, Antiviral Agents, and Vaccines 28 Metronidazole (Flagyl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Daniel Thomas Ginat 29 Iodoform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Daniel Thomas Ginat 30 Isoniazid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Pankaj Sharma and Daniel Thomas Ginat 31 Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Pamela Whitney Schaefer 32 Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part VI A ntiepilectic, Antipsychotic, and General Anesthetic Agents 33 Dilantin (Phenytoin Sodium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Maria J. Borja and Daniel Thomas Ginat 34 Valproic Acid (Sodium Valproate, Depakote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Daniel Thomas Ginat 35 Vigabatrin (Sabril) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Daniel Thomas Ginat 36 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Temilola Akinola, Karen Buch, and Aaron Paul 37 Neuroleptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Andrea Magee and Daniel Thomas Ginat Part VII Anesthetic and Sedative Agents 38 Barbiturates (Pentobarbital) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Maximillian Smith and Daniel Thomas Ginat 39 Nitrous Oxide (NO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 2 Daniel Thomas Ginat 40 Propofol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Mariam Aboian, Jason M. Johnson, and Daniel Thomas Ginat Part VIII Hemostatic and Vasoactive Agents 41 Embolic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Lee-Anne Slater, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Ronil V. Chandra 42 Aspirin and Plavix/Clopidogrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Merav Galper, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small viii Contents 43 Warfarin (Coumadin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Jeffrey Hashim, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 44 Heparin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Evan Watkins, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 45 Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Evan Watkins, Juan E. Small, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 46 Oxidized Cellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Daniel Thomas Ginat 47 Nasal Decongestants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part IX Cardiovascular Support Agents 48 Supplemental Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Daniel Thomas Ginat 49 Hypertonic Saline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Daniel Thomas Ginat 50 Mannitol (1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexanehexol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Daniel Thomas Ginat 51 Triple H Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Daniel Thomas Ginat 52 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Jason M. Johnson 53 Acetazolamide (Diamox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Daniel Lopes Noujaim, Ali Sepahdari, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 54 Amiodarone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part X Anti-Inflammatory Agents 55 Acetominophen (Tylenol, Paracetamol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Daniel Thomas Ginat 56 Natalizumab (Tysabri, Biogen Idec and Elan Pharmaceuticals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Juan E. Small and Daniel Thomas Ginat 57 Synthetic Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Jason M. Johnson, Yi Li, and Daniel Thomas Ginat Contents ix Part XI Dietary Supplements, Homeostatic Agents, and Hormone- Like Drugs 58 Manganese in Total Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Daniel Thomas Ginat 59 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Juan E. Small 60 Insulin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Lee-Anne Slater, Stephen L. Stuckey, and Ronil V. Chandra 61 Bisphosphonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Ana M. Franceschi, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Jason M. Johnson 62 Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein . . . . . . . . . . 415 Marianne S. Reed, Jason M. Johnson, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 63 Retinoids (13-Cis-Retinoic Acid, Isotretinoin, Accutane, All-Trans-R etinoic Acid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Daniel Thomas Ginat 64 Topical Prostaglandin Analogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Nurhan Torun 65 Oral Contraceptives (Estrogen and Progestin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Kimberly Kallianos, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Jason M. Johnson 66 Fish Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part XII Injectable Filler Agents 67 Calcium Hydroxyapatite–Based Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Daniel Thomas Ginat 68 Hyaluronic Acid–Based Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Charles J. Schatz 69 Injectable Silicone Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Charles J. Schatz Part I Drugs and Alcohol

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Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia Daniel Thomas Ginat Juan E. Small Pamela Whitney Schaefer Editors Second Edition 123 Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia Daniel Thomas Ginat Juan E. Small ∙ Pamela Whitney Schaefer Editors Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia Second Edition Editors Daniel Thomas Ginat Juan E. Small Department of Radiology Diagnostic Radiology University of Chicago Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA Burlington, MA, USA Pamela Whitney Schaefer Department of Neuroradiology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ISBN 978-3-031-08773-8 ISBN 978-3-031-08774-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08774-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I Drugs and Alcohol 1 Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Michael C. Veronesi and Daniel Thomas Ginat 2 Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Michael C. Veronesi and Daniel Thomas Ginat 3 Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Allan Lee, Dee Nandurkar, and Ronil V. Chandra 4 Cannabis (Marijuana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Eileen C. Ang, Stephen L. Stuckey, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Ronil V. Chandra 5 Synthetic Cannabinoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Peter H. Lee, Juan E. Small, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 6 Crack and Cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Rania Hito and Daniel Thomas Ginat 7 Amphetamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Ronil V. Chandra, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 8 Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Daniel Thomas Ginat 9 Betel Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Grayson W. Hooper, Timothy Biega, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 10 Licorice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Juan E. Small and Daniel Thomas Ginat 11 Centella asiatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Janu Pirakalathanan, Stephen L. Stuckey, and Ronil V. Chandra Part II Contrast Agents 12 Iodinated Contrast Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Harut Haroyan and Daniel Thomas Ginat v vi Contents 13 Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Harut Haroyan and Daniel Thomas Ginat 14 Ferumoxytol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Timothy J. Kaufmann and Daniel Thomas Ginat 15 Pantopaque (Myodil, Iodophenylundecylic Acid) . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Daniel Thomas Ginat 16 Thorium Dioxide (Thorotrast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part III Chemotherapy 17 Temozolamide (Temodar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 William A. Mehan and Daniel Thomas Ginat 18 1,3-Bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea (BCNU; Carmustine) Polymer Wafer (Gliadel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Daniel Thomas Ginat 19 Methotrexate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Daniel Thomas Ginat 20 5-Fluorouracil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Daniel Thomas Ginat 21 l-Asparaginase (Elspar/Erwinase) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Rania Hito and Ronil V. Chandra 22 Calcineurin Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Santosh Shah and Daniel Thomas Ginat 23 Bromocriptine (Parlodel) and Cabergoline (Dostinex) . . . . . . . . 185 Daniel Thomas Ginat 24 HiDAC (High-Dose Ara-C; Cytarabine; Cytosine Arabinoside; Cytosar-U; Depocyt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part IV Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy 25 Ipilimumab (MDX-010, Yervoy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Gul Moonis 26 Bevacizumab (Avastin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Daniel Thomas Ginat and William A. Mehan 27 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy (Tisagenlecleucel and Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Daniel Thomas Ginat Contents vii Part V A ntibiotics, Antiviral Agents, and Vaccines 28 Metronidazole (Flagyl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Daniel Thomas Ginat 29 Iodoform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Daniel Thomas Ginat 30 Isoniazid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Pankaj Sharma and Daniel Thomas Ginat 31 Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Pamela Whitney Schaefer 32 Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part VI A ntiepilectic, Antipsychotic, and General Anesthetic Agents 33 Dilantin (Phenytoin Sodium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Maria J. Borja and Daniel Thomas Ginat 34 Valproic Acid (Sodium Valproate, Depakote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Daniel Thomas Ginat 35 Vigabatrin (Sabril) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Daniel Thomas Ginat 36 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Temilola Akinola, Karen Buch, and Aaron Paul 37 Neuroleptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Andrea Magee and Daniel Thomas Ginat Part VII Anesthetic and Sedative Agents 38 Barbiturates (Pentobarbital) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Maximillian Smith and Daniel Thomas Ginat 39 Nitrous Oxide (NO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 2 Daniel Thomas Ginat 40 Propofol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Mariam Aboian, Jason M. Johnson, and Daniel Thomas Ginat Part VIII Hemostatic and Vasoactive Agents 41 Embolic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Lee-Anne Slater, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Ronil V. Chandra 42 Aspirin and Plavix/Clopidogrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Merav Galper, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small viii Contents 43 Warfarin (Coumadin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Jeffrey Hashim, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 44 Heparin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Evan Watkins, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 45 Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Evan Watkins, Juan E. Small, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 46 Oxidized Cellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Daniel Thomas Ginat 47 Nasal Decongestants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part IX Cardiovascular Support Agents 48 Supplemental Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Daniel Thomas Ginat 49 Hypertonic Saline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Daniel Thomas Ginat 50 Mannitol (1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexanehexol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Daniel Thomas Ginat 51 Triple H Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Daniel Thomas Ginat 52 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Jason M. Johnson 53 Acetazolamide (Diamox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Daniel Lopes Noujaim, Ali Sepahdari, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Juan E. Small 54 Amiodarone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part X Anti-Inflammatory Agents 55 Acetominophen (Tylenol, Paracetamol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Daniel Thomas Ginat 56 Natalizumab (Tysabri, Biogen Idec and Elan Pharmaceuticals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Juan E. Small and Daniel Thomas Ginat 57 Synthetic Corticosteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Jason M. Johnson, Yi Li, and Daniel Thomas Ginat Contents ix Part XI Dietary Supplements, Homeostatic Agents, and Hormone- Like Drugs 58 Manganese in Total Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Daniel Thomas Ginat 59 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Juan E. Small 60 Insulin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Lee-Anne Slater, Stephen L. Stuckey, and Ronil V. Chandra 61 Bisphosphonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Ana M. Franceschi, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Jason M. Johnson 62 Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein . . . . . . . . . . 415 Marianne S. Reed, Jason M. Johnson, and Daniel Thomas Ginat 63 Retinoids (13-Cis-Retinoic Acid, Isotretinoin, Accutane, All-Trans-R etinoic Acid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Daniel Thomas Ginat 64 Topical Prostaglandin Analogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Nurhan Torun 65 Oral Contraceptives (Estrogen and Progestin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Kimberly Kallianos, Daniel Thomas Ginat, and Jason M. Johnson 66 Fish Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Daniel Thomas Ginat Part XII Injectable Filler Agents 67 Calcium Hydroxyapatite–Based Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Daniel Thomas Ginat 68 Hyaluronic Acid–Based Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Charles J. Schatz 69 Injectable Silicone Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Daniel Thomas Ginat and Charles J. Schatz Part I Drugs and Alcohol

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