NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Series Editors MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANÇOIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB VOLUME 173 NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT Series Editors MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANÇOIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB Volume Editors ANNE GALLAGHER, CHRISTINE BULTEAU, DAVID COHEN, AND JACQUES L. MICHAUD VOLUME 173 3rd Series ELSEVIER Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2020ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-444-64150-2 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy EditorialProjectManager:KristiAnderson ProductionProjectManager:PunithavathyGovindaradjane CoverDesigner:AlanStudholme TypesetbySPiGlobal,India HandbookofClinicalNeurology3rdSeries Availabletitles Vol.79,The humanhypothalamus: basic andclinicalaspects, Part I,D.F.Swaab, ed.ISBN 9780444513571 Vol.80,The humanhypothalamus: basic andclinicalaspects, Part II,D.F.Swaab, ed. ISBN9780444514905 Vol.81,Pain, F.Cervero andT.S.Jensen, eds.ISBN9780444519016 Vol.82,Motor neurone disordersand related diseases,A.A.EisenandP.J. Shaw,eds. ISBN9780444518941 Vol.83,Parkinson’s disease andrelated disorders,Part I,W.C. KollerandE. Melamed,eds. ISBN9780444519009 Vol.84,Parkinson’s disease andrelated disorders,Part II,W.C.KollerandE. Melamed,eds. ISBN9780444528933 Vol.85,HIV/AIDS andthe nervoussystem, P.Portegies andJ.Berger,eds. ISBN9780444520104 Vol.86,Myopathies, F.L.Mastaglia andD.Hilton Jones,eds.ISBN 9780444518996 Vol.87,Malformations of the nervoussystem, H.B. SarnatandP.Curatolo, eds.ISBN 9780444518965 Vol.88,Neuropsychology andbehaviouralneurology, G.Goldenberg andB.C.Miller, eds.ISBN9780444518972 Vol.89,Dementias, C. Duyckaerts andI.Litvan, eds.ISBN 9780444518989 Vol.90,Disorders of consciousness, G.B.YoungandE.F.M. Wijdicks, eds.ISBN 9780444518958 Vol.91,Neuromuscular junction disorders,A.G. Engel,ed. ISBN9780444520081 Vol.92,Stroke –Part I:Basicandepidemiological aspects, M.Fisher, ed.ISBN9780444520036 Vol.93,Stroke –Part II:Clinical manifestations andpathogenesis,M. Fisher,ed. ISBN9780444520043 Vol.94,Stroke –Part III:Investigations andmanagement, M.Fisher, ed.ISBN9780444520050 Vol.95,History ofneurology,S. Finger, F. Boller andK.L.Tyler, eds.ISBN9780444520081 Vol.96,Bacterial infections ofthe central nervoussystem, K.L.Roos andA.R.Tunkel, eds.ISBN9780444520159 Vol.97,Headache, G.Nappi andM.A.Moskowitz, eds.ISBN 9780444521392 Vol.98,Sleep disorders Part I,P.MontagnaandS. Chokroverty,eds. ISBN9780444520067 Vol.99,Sleep disorders Part II,P.MontagnaandS. Chokroverty,eds. ISBN9780444520074 Vol.100, Hyperkineticmovement disorders, W.J.Weiner andE. Tolosa, eds.ISBN9780444520142 Vol.101, Muscular dystrophies,A.AmatoandR.C. Griggs, eds.ISBN9780080450315 Vol.102, Neuro-ophthalmology,C. Kennard andR.J.Leigh, eds.ISBN9780444529039 Vol.103, Ataxicdisorders,S.H. Subramony andA.Durr, eds.ISBN9780444518927 Vol.104, Neuro-oncology Part I,W.Grisold andR.Sofietti, eds. ISBN9780444521385 Vol.105, Neuro-oncology Part II,W.Grisold andR.Sofietti, eds. ISBN9780444535023 Vol.106, Neurobiologyof psychiatric disorders,T. Schlaepferand C.B.Nemeroff,eds.ISBN9780444520029 Vol.107, EpilepsyPart I,H.StefanandW.H. Theodore,eds. ISBN9780444528988 Vol.108, EpilepsyPart II,H.StefanandW.H. Theodore,eds. ISBN9780444528995 Vol.109, Spinalcord injury,J.Verhaagen andJ.W. McDonaldIII, eds.ISBN9780444521378 Vol.110, Neurologicalrehabilitation, M. BarnesandD.C. Good,eds.ISBN 9780444529015 Vol.111, Pediatric neurologyPart I,O.Dulac,M. LassondeandH.B. Sarnat, eds.ISBN 9780444528919 Vol.112, Pediatric neurologyPart II,O.Dulac,M. LassondeandH.B. Sarnat, eds.ISBN 9780444529107 Vol.113, Pediatric neurologyPart III,O.Dulac,M. LassondeandH.B. Sarnat, eds.ISBN 9780444595652 Vol.114, Neuroparasitologyandtropical neurology,H.H.Garcia, H.B. TanowitzandO.H.Del Brutto,eds. ISBN 9780444534903 Vol.115, Peripheral nervedisorders, G.SaidandC.Krarup, eds.ISBN9780444529022 Vol.116, Brainstimulation,A.M. Lozano andM.Hallett,eds. ISBN9780444534972 Vol.117, Autonomicnervoussystem, R.M.Buijs andD.F.Swaab, eds.ISBN 9780444534910 Vol.118, Ethical andlegal issuesin neurology, J.L.BernatandH.R. Beresford, eds. ISBN9780444535016 Vol.119, Neurologicaspects of systemic disease Part I,J.Biller andJ.M. Ferro, eds.ISBN9780702040863 Vol.120, Neurologicaspects of systemic disease Part II,J.Biller andJ.M. Ferro, eds.ISBN9780702040870 Vol.121, Neurologicaspects of systemic disease Part III,J.Biller andJ.M. Ferro, eds.ISBN9780702040887 Vol.122, Multiple sclerosis andrelated disorders,D.S. Goodin,ed.ISBN9780444520012 Vol.123, Neurovirology,A.C. Tselis andJ.Booss, eds.ISBN9780444534880 Vol.124, Clinicalneuroendocrinology,E. Fliers,M.KorbonitsandJ.A. Romijn,eds. ISBN9780444596024 Vol.125, Alcoholandthe nervoussystem, E.V.Sullivan andA.Pfefferbaum, eds.ISBN9780444626196 Vol.126, Diabetesandthe nervoussystem, D.W. ZochodneandR.A.Malik, eds.ISBN9780444534804 Vol.127, Traumatic brain injury Part I,J.H.Grafman andA.M. Salazar, eds.ISBN9780444528926 Vol.128, Traumatic brain injury Part II,J.H.Grafman andA.M. Salazar,eds.ISBN9780444635211 vi AVAILABLETITLES(Continued) Vol.129, Thehumanauditory system:Fundamental organization andclinical disorders,G.G.Celesia andG.Hickok, eds.ISBN9780444626301 Vol.130, Neurologyof sexual andbladderdisorders, D.B. VodušekandF. Boller,eds. ISBN9780444632470 Vol.131, Occupationalneurology,M.Lotti andM.L. Bleecker,eds.ISBN 9780444626271 Vol.132, Neurocutaneous syndromes,M.P.Islam andE.S.Roach,eds. ISBN9780444627025 Vol.133, Autoimmune neurology, S.J.PittockandA.Vincent,eds. ISBN9780444634320 Vol.134, Gliomas,M.S.BergerandM. Weller, eds.ISBN9780128029978 Vol.135, NeuroimagingPart I, J.C.MasdeuandR.G. González,eds. ISBN9780444534859 Vol.136, NeuroimagingPart II, J.C.MasdeuandR.G. González,eds. ISBN9780444534866 Vol.137, Neuro-otology,J.M. FurmanandT.Lempert, eds. ISBN9780444634375 Vol.138, Neuroepidemiology,C. Rosano,M.A.Ikram andM.Ganguli, eds. ISBN9780128029732 Vol.139, Functional neurologic disorders,M. Hallett,J.StoneandA.Carson, eds. ISBN9780128017722 Vol.140, Criticalcare neurologyPart I,E.F.M. Wijdicks andA.H.Kramer,eds.ISBN 9780444636003 Vol.141, Criticalcare neurologyPart II,E.F.M. Wijdicks andA.H.Kramer,eds. ISBN9780444635990 Vol.142, Wilsondisease, A.Członkowska andM.L.Schilsky,eds.ISBN 9780444636003 Vol.143, Arteriovenousandcavernous malformations, R.F.Spetzler,K.MoonandR.O. Almefty,eds. ISBN9780444636409 Vol.144, Huntingtondisease,A.S. Feigin andK.E.Anderson,eds. ISBN9780128018934 Vol.145, Neuropathology,G.G.Kovacs andI.Alafuzoff,eds. ISBN9780128023952 Vol.146, Cerebrospinalfluid inneurologic disorders,F.Deisenhammer,C.E. Teunissen andH.Tumani,eds. ISBN9780128042793 Vol.147, Neurogenetics Part I,D.H.Geschwind, H.L.PaulsonandC. Klein,eds. ISBN9780444632333 Vol.148, Neurogenetics Part II,D.H.Geschwind, H.L.PaulsonandC. Klein, eds.ISBN9780444640765 Vol.149, Metastaticdiseases of the nervoussystem, D.SchiffandM.J.vandenBent, eds. ISBN9780128111611 Vol.150, Brainbankingin neurologic andpsychiatric diseases,I.Huitinga andM.J.Webster, eds. ISBN9780444636393 Vol.151, Theparietal lobe,G.Vallar andH.B. Coslett, eds. ISBN9780444636225 Vol.152, Theneurologyof HIVinfection, B.J.Brew,ed. ISBN9780444638496 Vol.153, Humanprion diseases,M. PocchiariandJ.C.Manson, eds.ISBN9780444639455 Vol.154, Thecerebellum: Fromembryology to diagnostic investigations,M. Manto andT.A.G.M.Huisman, eds. ISBN9780444639561 Vol.155, Thecerebellum: Disorders andtreatment, M.Manto andT.A.G.M.Huisman, eds.ISBN 9780444641892 Vol.156, Thermoregulation: Frombasic neuroscience toclinical neurologyPart I,A.A. Romanovsky, ed. ISBN9780444639127 Vol.157, Thermoregulation: Frombasic neuroscience toclinical neurologyPart II, A.A.Romanovsky,ed. ISBN9780444640741 Vol.158, Sports neurology,B. Hainline andR.A. Stern, eds.ISBN9780444639547 Vol.159, Balance,gait,andfalls, B.L. DayandS.R. Lord,eds.ISBN9780444639165 Vol.160, Clinicalneurophysiology: Basis andtechnical aspects,K.H.Levin andP. Chauvel, eds.ISBN9780444640321 Vol.161, Clinicalneurophysiology: Diseases anddisorders, K.H.LevinandP.Chauvel, eds. ISBN9780444641427 Vol.162, Neonatalneurology,L.S. DeVriesandH.C. Glass, eds.ISBN 9780444640291 Vol.163, Thefrontal lobes,M.D’Esposito andJ.H. Grafman, eds.ISBN9780128042816 Vol.164, Smellandtaste, RichardL. Doty,ed.ISBN9780444638557 Vol.165, Psychopharmacology ofneurologic disease,V.I. ReusandD.Lindqvist, eds.ISBN9780444640123 Vol.166, Cingulate cortex,B.A. Vogt,ed. ISBN9780444641960 Vol.167, Geriatric neurology,S.T.DeKoskyandS. Asthana,eds.ISBN 9780128047668 Vol.168, Brain-computer interfaces, N.F.Ramsey andJ.del R.Millán, eds. ISBN9780444639349 Vol.169, Meningiomas,Part I,M.W.McDermott, ed. ISBN9780128042809 Vol.170, Meningiomas,Part II,M.W.McDermott, ed. ISBN9780128221983 Vol.171, Neurologyandpregnancy: Pathophysiologyandpatient care, E.A.P.Steegers, M.J. Cipolla andE.C.Miller,eds. ISBN9780444642394 Vol.172, Neurologyandpregnancy: Neuro-obstetric disorders,E.A.P.Steegers, M.J. Cipolla andE.C.Miller,eds. ISBN9780444642400 All volumes in the 3rd Series of the Handbook of Clinical Neurology are published electronically, on Science Direct: http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/00729752. Foreword In daily life, we constantly use language, overt or covert, various types of memories, spatial orientation, and other cognitivefunctions,usuallywithouteventhinkingaboutthem.Thesameistrueforchildren’scognitivedevelopment. Allofthesecognitivefunctionsaretakenforgrantedandonlywhensomethinggoeswrongdowebecomeawareof theircomplexity.InanearliervolumeoftheHandbookofClinicalNeurologyeditedbyOlivierDulac(Paris),Maryse Lassonde(Montreal),andHarveySarnat(Calgary),asectionofVolume111onpediatricneurologywasdedicatedto developmental abnormalities. Even though that section was prepared less than a decade ago, new advances in our approachtochildrenwithneurodevelopmentaldelaysordisabilitieshaveoccurred,basedondevelopmentsingenetics, neuroimaging, cognitive sciences, and artificial intelligence. All these amply justify a new title, “Neurocognitive Development,”whichisnowcoveredintwovolumes. Thefirstvolume,“NormativeDevelopment,”includesfivesections.Theintroductorysectionincludesclassifica- tion as well as historical and ethical considerations. The second and third sections are dedicated to development, plasticity,andvulnerabilityofthedevelopingbrain.Thisisfollowedbyasectionontheneuroscientificbasisoftypical functionalneurodevelopmentfromintellectualabilitiestosocialcognition,andincludesachapterdiscussingtherole of the cerebellum in neuropsychologic functioning. The final section of the volume deals with the etiologies ofneurodevelopmentaldisordersincludinggeneticmechanisms,theeffectofsex,andtheimpactofprematurityon development,aswellasachapterdedicatedtotheeffectofpregnancyandfetalrisks. Thesecondvolume,“DisordersandDisabilities,”firstdealswithspecificneurodevelopmentaldisordersincluding disorders of coordination, language, attention, reading, memory, and nonverbal dysfunction. The next section, on complex neurodevelopmental disorders, deals with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and multidimensional impairment. The following section covers assessment, including neurologic, psychiatric, and neuropsychologic assessment, and investigative neurophysiologic techniques, as well as structural and functional neuroimaging.Thefinalsectionofthevolumedealswithrehabilitationandlong-termoutcomeincludingeducation andquality-of-lifeissues.Thisisrightlyrecognizedasakeyoutcomeofchronichealthconditions,anditsassessmentis recommendedforbothclinicalcareandclinicaltrials. Forthismassiveundertaking,wehavehadthegoodfortuneofhavingfouroutstandingandexperiencedvolume editors:AnneGallagher,PhD,DepartmentofPsychology,Universit(cid:1)edeMontr(cid:1)eal,Quebec,Canada;ChristineBulteau, MD, PhD, Institute of Psychology, Sorbonne, and Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Rothschild Foundation Hospital,Paris,France;DavidCohen,MD,PhD,Universit(cid:1)ePierreetMarieCurieandPiti(cid:1)e-Salp^etrière,Paris,France; andJacquesL.Michaud,MD,CHUSainte-Justine,andFacultyofMedicine,Universit(cid:1)edeMontr(cid:1)eal,Quebec,Canada. As series editors, we reviewed all the chapters in the volume and made suggestions for improvement, but we are delighted that the volume editors and chapter authors produced such scholarly and comprehensive accounts of differentaspectsofneurocognitivedevelopment.Theydeserveevenmorecreditasthechapterswerewrittenwhile theworldwasgrippedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Despitethis,theywereabletoincludenearlyallthematerialthat neededtobecovered.Asaresult,wehopethatthevolumewillappealtocliniciansandneuroscientistsalike.Ourgoal wastoprovideclinicianswithastate-of-the-artreferencethatsummarizestheclinicalfeaturesandmanagementofthe manyneurologicmanifestationsofneurocognitivedevelopment.Wealsohopedtoprovidebasicresearcherswiththe foundationsfornewapproachestothestudyofthecomplexissuesinvolved. Inadditiontotheprintversion,thevolumesarealsoavailableelectronicallyonElsevier’sScienceDirectwebsite. Indeed,allofthevolumesinthepresentseriesoftheHandbookareavailableelectronicallyonthiswebsite.Thisshould makethemevenmoreaccessibletoreadersandfacilitatesearchesforspecificinformation. viii FOREWORD Asalways,itisapleasuretothankElsevier,ourpublisher,andinparticularMichaelParkinsoninScotland,Nikki Levy and Kristi Anderson in San Diego, and Punithavathy Govindaradjane at Elsevier Global Book Production in Chennai,fortheirassistanceinthedevelopmentandproduction ofthesetwovolumesoftheHandbookofClinical Neurology. MichaelJ.Aminoff Franc¸oisBoller DickF.Swaab Preface Volumes173and174oftheHandbookofClinicalNeurologyfocusonneurocognitivedevelopment.Theyprovidean up-to-datereviewofthetheoreticalconceptsoftypicalneurodevelopmentaswellastheconceptualframework,eti- ologies,diagnosis,assessment,andtreatmentofneurodevelopmentaldysfunctionsfoundinvariouscognitive,behav- ioral,andneurodevelopmentaldisorders. Inthepast20years,majordiscoverieshavecontributedtoourunderstandingoftheunderlyingmechanismsand geneticbasisofcognitivedeficits,andtherelationshipbetweenspecificneurodevelopmentaldisorders,theircomor- bidities,andenvironmentalfactors.Newtechnologies,notablyingenetics,epigenetics,machinelearning,andneuro- imaging,haveledtovariousscientificbreakthroughs,aidedbysignificantadvancesindevelopmentalneuropsychology andnewresearchtrendsincludinghighlyinterdisciplinarywork. Thesedevelopmentsarecoveredindetailintwovolumes.Thefirst,Volume173,focusesontypicalneurodevelop- mentandthesecond,Volume174,onalteredneurodevelopment.Thefirstvolumeincludesfivesectionsthatgivethe readeranunderstandingofthebasicsofneurodevelopment.Section1providesdefinitionsaswellashistoricaland ethicalviewsrelatedtoneurodevelopmentaldisabilities.Section2,onthebiologicalbasisoftypicalneurodevelop- ment,describesthemainbasicdevelopmentalstepsofthecentralnervoussystem.Section3coversthecentralconcepts related tothespecificityofthedevelopingbrainthatarecrucialforanunderstandingofneurodevelopmentandthe impacts of an insult at an early age. Section 4 on the neuroscientific basis of typical functional neurodevelopment describesthenormaldevelopmentofmotor,sensory,andcognitivefunctions.ThevolumeendswithSection5,which addressesthemainetiologiesofneurodevelopmentaldisordersincludinggeneticabnormalities,environmentalcauses, andbraininsults.Wealsodetailhowsexmodulatesneurodevelopmentaldisordersandtheeffectsofbraininsultson braindevelopment,whichinturnprovidesnewinsightsintotheconceptual basisoftypicalneurodevelopmentand offersnewavenuesforfuturebraintherapies. Thesecondvolumestartswithtwosectionsonneurodevelopmentaldisabilitiesinthepediatricpopulation,covering specificandcomplexneurodevelopmentaldisorders(Sections1and2,respectively).Section3coversthemethodsand toolsusedfortheassessmentofneurodevelopment disorders.The finalsection(Section 4)contains discussionson patient care, rehabilitation, and long-term outcomes. Although major advances in scientific knowledge, diagnosis, andadvocacyhavebeenmadeinthepasttwodecades,additionalinterdisciplinaryresearchisneededtoimproveearly detectionand,importantly,provideindividualizedefficientinterventions. Wewouldliketothanktheserieseditors,MichaelJ.Aminoff,Franc¸oisBoller,andDickF.Swaab,whoofferedusthe opportunitytopublishthisvolumeinthemostprestigiousseriesinneurology.WealsosincerelythankMichaelParkinson, developmenteditor,whoguidedusthroughthiswholeexperiencewithendlesspatience.Together,asvolumeeditors,we provideaninterdisciplinarypediatricexpertiseincludingchildneuropsychology,neurology,psychiatry,andgeneticsand coveringclinicalandresearchdomainsrelatedtotypicalandalteredneurodevelopment.Wearegratefultothe138authors whocontributedcomprehensiveandclearlystructuredmanuscriptsandvaluableillustrations. Itisourhopethatthisvolumeoffersacomprehensivecoverageofbasicandinnovativeknowledgeinthefieldof neurocognitivedevelopmentthatwillbeofvaluetoallourreaders. AnneGallagher ChristineBulteau DavidCohen JacquesL.Michaud